Griseofulvin is an antifungal antibiotic produced by certain species of Penicillium. The drug is used to treat tinea and other fungal infections, including onychomycosis. Griseofulvin is marketed in several oral formulations in an attempt to increase bioavailability and decrease GI intolerance. Griseofulvin microsize contains particles that are 4 micrometers in diameter, and ultramicrosize contains particles that are less than 1 micrometer in diameter. Griseofulvin was isolated in 1939 and initially was used to treat ringworm in cattle. Griseofulvin was not used extensively in humans until the late 1950s. It was officially approved by the FDA in 1959.
General Administration Information
For storage information, see the specific product information within the How Supplied section.
Route-Specific Administration
Oral Administration
-Bioavailability varies between microsize and ultramicrosize formulations as well as manufacturers (see Pharmacokinetics).
Oral Solid Formulations:
Ultramicrosize griseofulvin tablets:
-Administer orally with a fatty meal to increase absorption.
-Tablets can be swallowed whole or crushed and sprinkled onto 1 tablespoonful of applesauce and swallowed immediately without chewing.
Microsize griseofulvin tablets:
-Administer orally with a fatty meal to increase absorption.
Oral Liquid Formulations:
Microsize griseofulvin suspension:
-Administer orally with a fatty meal to increase absorption.
-Shake the suspension well prior to administration.
Nervous system adverse events have been associated with griseofulvin therapy. Peripheral neuropathy and paresthesias of the hands and feet have developed following extended treatment. In most patients who receive treatment for less than 6 month, neuropathy will improve/resolve upon discontinuation of the drug. Headache occurs frequently in the beginning of therapy but often disappears with continued therapy. Other CNS adverse reactions include fatigue, dizziness, insomnia, confusion, and impaired ability to perform routine activities.
Gastrointestinal adverse events that have been reported following treatment with griseofulvin include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and epigastric distress or abdominal pain. Oral candidiasis (thrush) due to overgrowth of Candida has also been reported.
The most common adverse reactions associated with griseofulvin therapy are hypersensitivity type reactions such as skin rash (unspecified), urticaria, erythema multiforme-like drug reactions, and rare cases of angioedema. Some patients have also experienced photosensitivity and lupus-like symptoms. Advise patients to avoid exposure to intense natural or artificial sunlight while receiving treatment. Severe skin reactions (Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis) and erythema multiforme have been reported during the post-marketing period. Due to the voluntary nature of post-marketing reports, neither a frequency nor a definitive casual relationship can be established. Discontinue therapy if severe skin reactions develops.
Elevated hepatic enzymes (including elevated AST, ALT), hyperbilirubinemia, hepatitis, and jaundice have developed in patients receiving treatment with griseofulvin. These reactions may be serious and could result in hospitalization or death. Health care providers are advised that most serious reactions are usually associated with high doses and/or long treatment durations. Monitor patients for hepatic dysfunction and, if warranted, consider discontinuation of treatment.
Leukopenia, coagulopathy, and GI bleeding have been reported to occur rarely in patients receiving prolonged high doses of griseofulvin. Monitor the hematopoietic status of griseofulvin recipients periodically during therapy. If granulocytopenia (i.e., eosinophilia or neutropenia) develops, consider discontinuing griseofulvin.
Although rare, proteinuria and nephrosis have been observed in griseofulvin recipients. Health care providers are advised to periodically monitor the renal function during therapy.
Two cases of conjoined twins have been reported following use of griseofulvin during the first trimester. Health care providers are advised not to prescribe griseofulvin to pregnant patients. If a patient becomes pregnant while taking this medicine, the patient should be counseled on griseofulvin-associated teratogenesis.
Griseofulvin is contraindicated in patients with hepatic failure and should be used cautiously in patients with other hepatic disease. Griseofulvin is hepatically metabolized, and cases of hepatotoxicity (i.e., jaundice, elevated hepatic enzymes, and hyperbilirubinemia) have been associated with its use. Periodically assess both hepatic and renal function during griseofulvin therapy.
Griseofulvin is contraindicated in patients with a previous hypersensitivity to the drug. This hypersensitivity is manifested by urticaria, other rashes, and, rarely, angioedema and a reaction resembling serum sickness. Because griseofulvin is produced by a species of Penicillium, patients with penicillin hypersensitivity theoretically could exhibit a cross-sensitivity to griseofulvin. However, patients with penicillin hypersensitivity have been treated with griseofulvin without adverse affects. Similar warnings may apply to patients with cephalosporin hypersensitivity or carbapenem hypersensitivity because of the structural similarity of cephalosporins and carbapenems to penicillin.
Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or lupus-like syndromes should weigh the benefits to risks before taking griseofulvin because it has been known to exacerbate lupus.
Photosensitivity reactions have been reported during griseofulvin therapy. Patients should avoid sunlight (UV) exposure via intense natural or artificial sunlight. Protective clothing and sunscreens should be used.
Griseofulvin is contraindicated in patients with porphyria. The drug interferes with porphyrin metabolism, and chronic administration of griseofulvin can result in elevated concentrations of porphyrins in both feces and erythrocytes. This may precipitate an attack of acute intermittent porphyria in susceptible patients.
Due to possible teratogenic and abortifacient effects, use of griseofulvin during pregnancy is contraindicated. Since 1977, 2 cases of conjoined twins have been reported following first trimester use of griseofulvin. In both cases, surveillance by the FDA found griseofulvin use to be the only maternal drug exposure. In addition to congenital abnormalities, some women who received the drug during pregnancy have experienced spontaneous abortions. An analysis of data from 4,264 spontaneous abortions between 1980 and 1983 revealed 7 women exposed to griseofulvin within the preceding 3 months (RR = 2.5, 95% CI 1.01, 6.1). Pregnant women and women of childbearing age who may become pregnant should be notified of the potential risk to the fetus. Instruct women to use appropriate contraception both during and for 1 month after completing of griseofulvin therapy. Men are advised to wait 6 month after completing griseofulvin therapy before fathering a child. Of note, concurrent use has resulted in reduced oral contraceptive efficacy.
Data are limited regarding the use of griseofulvin during breast-feeding and it is not known if it is excreted in human breast milk. Due to the potential for adverse effects in a nursing infant, use in a breast-feeding mother is not recommended. Consider the benefits of breast-feeding, the risk of potential infant drug exposure, and the risk of an untreated or inadequately treated condition. If a breast-feeding infant experiences an adverse effect related to a maternally ingested drug, healthcare providers are encouraged to report the adverse effect to the FDA.
Treatment with griseofulvin has been associated with the development of severe dermatologic adverse reactions, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, and erythema multiforme. Some of these adverse events may result in hospitalization or death. If a serious rash develops, discontinue use of the drug.
Griseofulvin has been associated with new primary malignancy (hepatic and thyroid tumors) in mice receiving chronic oral administration of this drug. Studies in other animal species are inadequate to assess the risk for tumorigenicity.
Per the manufacturer, this drug has been shown to be active against most strains of the following microorganisms either in vitro and/or in clinical infections: Epidermophyton floccosum, Epidermophyton sp., Microsporum audouinii, Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, Microsporum sp., Trichophyton gallinae, Trichophyton megninii, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton schoenleinii, Trichophyton sp., Trichophyton tonsurans, Trichophyton verrucosum
NOTE: The safety and effectiveness in treating clinical infections due to organisms with in vitro data only have not been established in adequate and well-controlled clinical trials.
For the treatment of tinea cruris and tinea barbae:
Oral dosage (Microsize):
Adults: 500 mg PO once daily or divided 2 to 4 times daily until organism is completely eradicated.
Children and Adolescents 3 to 17 years: 20 to 25 mg/kg/day (Max: 500 mg/day) PO divided twice daily. Continue treatment until organism is completely eradicated. The FDA-approved labeling states that 10 mg/kg/day PO is usually an effective dose and recommends that children weighing 14 kg to 23 kg receive 125 to 250 mg/day PO and that children weighing more than 23 kg receive 250 to 500 mg/day PO in divided doses.
Oral dosage (Ultramicrosize):
Adults: 375 mg PO given either once daily or divided 3 times daily until organism is completely eradicated.
Children and Adolescents 3 to 17 years: 10 to 15 mg/kg/dose (Max: 375 mg/dose) PO once daily. Continue treatment until organism is completely eradicated. The FDA-approved labeling states that 7.3 mg/kg/day PO is usually an effective dose and recommends that children weighing 16 kg to 27 kg receive 125 to 187.5 mg/day PO and that children weighing more than 27 kg receive 187.5 to 375 mg/day PO.
For the treatment of tinea pedis:
Oral dosage (Microsize):
Adults: 750 to 1,000 mg PO once daily or divided 2 to 4 times daily for 4 to 8 weeks or until organism is completely eradicated.
Children and Adolescents 3 to 17 years: 20 to 25 mg/kg/day (Max: 1 g/day) PO divided twice daily. Treat for 4 to 8 weeks or until organism is completely eradicated. The FDA-approved labeling states that 10 mg/kg/day PO is usually an effective dose and recommends that children weighing 14 to 23 kg receive 125 to 250 mg/day PO and that children weighing more than 23 kg receive 250 to 500 mg/day PO in divided doses.
Oral dosage (Ultramicrosize):
Adults: 750 mg PO once daily or divided 2 to 3 times daily for 4 to 8 weeks or until organism is completely eradicated.
Children and Adolescents 3 to 17 years: 10 to 15 mg/kg/dose (Max: 750 mg/dose) PO once daily. Treat for 4 to 8 weeks or until organism is completely eradicated. The FDA-approved labeling states that 7.3 mg/kg/day PO is usually an effective dose and recommends that children weighing 16 kg to 27 kg receive 125 to 187.5 mg/day PO and that children weighing more than 27 kg receive 187.5 to 375 mg/day PO.
For the treatment of tinea capitis:
Oral dosage (Microsize):
Adults: 500 mg PO once daily or divided 2 to 4 times daily for at least 6 weeks or until organism is completely eradicated.
Children and Adolescents 3 to 17 years: 20 to 25 mg/kg/day (Max: 500 mg/day) PO divided twice daily for at least 6 weeks or until organism is completely eradicated. The FDA-approved labeling dose is 10 mg/kg/day PO and 125 to 250 mg/day PO or 250 to 500 mg/day PO in divided doses for children weighing 14 to 23 kg or more than 23 kg, respectively.
Oral dosage (Ultramicrosize):
Adults: 375 mg PO once daily or divided 3 times daily for at least 6 weeks or until organism is completely eradicated.
Children and Adolescents 3 to 17 years: 10 to 15 mg/kg/dose (Max: 375 mg/dose) PO once daily for at least 6 weeks or until organism is completely eradicated. The FDA-approved dose is 7.3 mg/kg/day PO and 125 to 187.5 mg/day PO or 187.5 to 375 mg/day PO for children weighing 16 to 27 kg or more than 27 kg, respectively.
For the treatment of tinea corporis:
Oral dosage (Microsize):
Adults: 500 mg PO once daily or divided 2 to 4 times daily for 2 to 4 weeks or until organism is completely eradicated.
Children and Adolescents 3 to 17 years: 20 to 25 mg/kg/day (Max: 500 mg/day) PO divided twice daily. Treat for 2 to 4 weeks or until organism is completely eradicated. The FDA-approved labeling states that 10 mg/kg/day PO is usually an effective dose and recommends that children weighing 14 kg to 23 kg receive 125 to 250 mg/day PO and that children weighing more than 23 kg receive 250 to 500 mg/day PO in divided doses.
Oral dosage (Ultramicrosize):
Adults: 375 mg PO once daily or divided 3 times daily for 2 to 4 weeks or until organism is completely eradicated.
Children and Adolescents 3 to 17 years: 10 to 15 mg/kg/dose (Max: 375 mg/dose) PO once daily. Treat for 2 to 4 weeks or until organism is completely eradicated. The FDA-approved labeling states that 7.3 mg/kg/day PO is usually an effective dose and recommends that children weighing 16 kg to 27 kg receive 125 to 187.5 mg/day PO and that children weighing more than 27 kg receive 187.5 to 375 mg/day PO.
For the treatment of tinea unguium (onychomycosis):
-for fingernail treatment:
Oral dosage (Microsize):
Adults: 750 to 1,000 mg PO once daily or divided 2 to 4 times daily for at least 4 months, depending on growth rate.
Children and Adolescents 3 to 17 years: 20 to 25 mg/kg/day (Max: 1 g/day) PO divided twice daily. Treat for at least 4 months, depending on growth rate. The FDA-approved labeling states that 10 mg/kg/day PO is usually an effective dose and recommends that children weighing 14 to 23 kg receive 125 to 250 mg/day PO and that children weighing more than 23 kg receive 250 to 500 mg/day PO in divided doses.
Oral dosage (Ultramicrosize):
Adults: 750 mg PO once daily or divided 2 to 3 times daily for at least 4 months, depending on growth rate.
Children and Adolescents 3 to 17 years: 10 to 15 mg/kg/dose (Max: 750 mg/dose) PO once daily. Treat for at least 4 months, depending on growth rate. The FDA-approved labeling states that 7.3 mg/kg/day PO is usually an effective dose and recommends that children weighing 16 kg to 27 kg receive 125 to 187.5 mg/day PO and that children weighing more than 27 kg receive 187.5 to 375 mg/day PO.
-for toenail treatment:
Oral dosage (Microsize):
Adults: 750 to 1,000 mg PO once daily or divided 2 to 4 times daily for at least 6 months, depending on growth rate.
Children and Adolescents 3 to 17 years: 20 to 25 mg/kg/day (Max: 1 g/day) PO divided twice daily. Treat for at least 6 months, depending on growth rate. The FDA-approved labeling states that 10 mg/kg/day PO is usually an effective dose and recommends that children weighing 14 to 23 kg receive 125 to 250 mg/day PO and that children weighing more than 23 kg receive 250 to 500 mg/day PO in divided doses.
Oral dosage (Ultramicrosize):
Adults: 750 mg PO once daily or divided 2 to 3 times daily for at least 6 months, depending on growth rate.
Children and Adolescents 3 to 17 years: 10 to 15 mg/kg/dose (Max: 750 mg/dose) PO once daily. Treat for at least 6 months, depending on growth rate. The FDA-approved labeling states that 7.3 mg/kg/day PO is usually an effective dose and recommends that children weighing 16 kg to 27 kg receive 125 to 187.5 mg/day PO and that children weighing more than 27 kg receive 187.5 to 375 mg/day PO.
Maximum Dosage Limits:
-Adults
1 g/day PO of microsize griseofulvin; 750 mg/day PO of ultramicrosize griseofulvin.
-Geriatric
1 g/day PO of microsize griseofulvin; 750 mg/day PO of ultramicrosize griseofulvin.
-Adolescents
10 mg/kg/day (Max: 500 mg/day) PO of microsize griseofulvin is FDA-approved; however, doses up to 25 mg/kg/day PO (Max: 1 g/day) have been used off-label; 7.3 mg/kg/day (Max: 375 mg/day) PO of ultramicrosize griseofulvin is FDA-approved; however, doses up to 15 mg/kg/day PO (Max: 750 mg/day) have been used off-label.
-Children
3 to 12 years: 10 mg/kg/day (Max: 500 mg/day) PO of microsize griseofulvin is FDA-approved; however, doses up to 25 mg/kg/day PO (Max: 1 g/day) have been used off-label; 7.3 mg/kg/day (Max: 375 mg/day) PO of ultramicrosize griseofulvin is FDA-approved; however, doses up to 15 mg/kg/day PO (Max: 750 mg/day) have been used off-label.
1 to 2 years: Safety and efficacy have not been established.
-Infants
Safety and efficacy have not been established.
-Neonates
Safety and efficacy have not been established.
Patients with Hepatic Impairment Dosing
Specific dosage adjustments in hepatic impairment are not available. Griseofulvin does undergo hepatic metabolism; therefore, use with caution in patients with hepatic impairment. Griseofulvin is contraindicated in hepatocellular failure.
Patients with Renal Impairment Dosing
No dosage adjustment needed.
*non-FDA-approved indication
Acetaminophen; Aspirin, ASA; Caffeine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of griseofulvin with salicylates may result in decreased salicylate serum concentrations. Caution and close monitoring for changes in the effectiveness of the salicylate are recommended.
Acetaminophen; Aspirin: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of griseofulvin with salicylates may result in decreased salicylate serum concentrations. Caution and close monitoring for changes in the effectiveness of the salicylate are recommended.
Acetaminophen; Aspirin; Diphenhydramine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of griseofulvin with salicylates may result in decreased salicylate serum concentrations. Caution and close monitoring for changes in the effectiveness of the salicylate are recommended.
Albuterol; Budesonide: (Moderate) Theoretically, induction of the cytochrome P450 3A4 isoenzyme by griseofulvin may result in a lowering of budesonide plasma concentrations, reducing the clinical effect.
Aminolevulinic Acid: (Moderate) Griseofulvin may induce photosensitivity and may increase the effects of photosensitizing agents.
Aminosalicylate sodium, Aminosalicylic acid: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of griseofulvin with salicylates may result in decreased salicylate serum concentrations. Caution and close monitoring for changes in the effectiveness of the salicylate are recommended.
Amobarbital: (Minor) Barbiturates can impair the oral absorption of griseofulvin, resulting in decreased serum concentrations and, potentially, decreased antifungal efficacy. The clinical significance of this interaction is uncertain, but the manufacturer recommends that these drugs not be co-administered.
Aspirin, ASA: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of griseofulvin with salicylates may result in decreased salicylate serum concentrations. Caution and close monitoring for changes in the effectiveness of the salicylate are recommended.
Aspirin, ASA; Butalbital; Caffeine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of griseofulvin with salicylates may result in decreased salicylate serum concentrations. Caution and close monitoring for changes in the effectiveness of the salicylate are recommended. (Minor) Barbiturates can impair the oral absorption of griseofulvin, resulting in decreased serum concentrations and, potentially, decreased antifungal efficacy. The clinical significance of this interaction is uncertain, but the manufacturer recommends that these drugs not be co-administered.
Aspirin, ASA; Caffeine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of griseofulvin with salicylates may result in decreased salicylate serum concentrations. Caution and close monitoring for changes in the effectiveness of the salicylate are recommended.
Aspirin, ASA; Caffeine; Orphenadrine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of griseofulvin with salicylates may result in decreased salicylate serum concentrations. Caution and close monitoring for changes in the effectiveness of the salicylate are recommended.
Aspirin, ASA; Carisoprodol; Codeine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of griseofulvin with salicylates may result in decreased salicylate serum concentrations. Caution and close monitoring for changes in the effectiveness of the salicylate are recommended.
Aspirin, ASA; Citric Acid; Sodium Bicarbonate: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of griseofulvin with salicylates may result in decreased salicylate serum concentrations. Caution and close monitoring for changes in the effectiveness of the salicylate are recommended.
Aspirin, ASA; Dipyridamole: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of griseofulvin with salicylates may result in decreased salicylate serum concentrations. Caution and close monitoring for changes in the effectiveness of the salicylate are recommended.
Aspirin, ASA; Omeprazole: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of griseofulvin with salicylates may result in decreased salicylate serum concentrations. Caution and close monitoring for changes in the effectiveness of the salicylate are recommended.
Aspirin, ASA; Oxycodone: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of griseofulvin with salicylates may result in decreased salicylate serum concentrations. Caution and close monitoring for changes in the effectiveness of the salicylate are recommended.
Barbiturates: (Minor) Barbiturates can impair the oral absorption of griseofulvin, resulting in decreased serum concentrations and, potentially, decreased antifungal efficacy. The clinical significance of this interaction is uncertain, but the manufacturer recommends that these drugs not be co-administered.
Benzoic Acid; Hyoscyamine; Methenamine; Methylene Blue; Phenyl Salicylate: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of griseofulvin with salicylates may result in decreased salicylate serum concentrations. Caution and close monitoring for changes in the effectiveness of the salicylate are recommended.
Bismuth Subsalicylate: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of griseofulvin with salicylates may result in decreased salicylate serum concentrations. Caution and close monitoring for changes in the effectiveness of the salicylate are recommended.
Bismuth Subsalicylate; Metronidazole; Tetracycline: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of griseofulvin with salicylates may result in decreased salicylate serum concentrations. Caution and close monitoring for changes in the effectiveness of the salicylate are recommended.
Budesonide: (Moderate) Theoretically, induction of the cytochrome P450 3A4 isoenzyme by griseofulvin may result in a lowering of budesonide plasma concentrations, reducing the clinical effect.
Budesonide; Formoterol: (Moderate) Theoretically, induction of the cytochrome P450 3A4 isoenzyme by griseofulvin may result in a lowering of budesonide plasma concentrations, reducing the clinical effect.
Budesonide; Glycopyrrolate; Formoterol: (Moderate) Theoretically, induction of the cytochrome P450 3A4 isoenzyme by griseofulvin may result in a lowering of budesonide plasma concentrations, reducing the clinical effect.
Butalbital; Acetaminophen: (Minor) Barbiturates can impair the oral absorption of griseofulvin, resulting in decreased serum concentrations and, potentially, decreased antifungal efficacy. The clinical significance of this interaction is uncertain, but the manufacturer recommends that these drugs not be co-administered.
Butalbital; Acetaminophen; Caffeine: (Minor) Barbiturates can impair the oral absorption of griseofulvin, resulting in decreased serum concentrations and, potentially, decreased antifungal efficacy. The clinical significance of this interaction is uncertain, but the manufacturer recommends that these drugs not be co-administered.
Butalbital; Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Codeine: (Minor) Barbiturates can impair the oral absorption of griseofulvin, resulting in decreased serum concentrations and, potentially, decreased antifungal efficacy. The clinical significance of this interaction is uncertain, but the manufacturer recommends that these drugs not be co-administered.
Butalbital; Aspirin; Caffeine; Codeine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of griseofulvin with salicylates may result in decreased salicylate serum concentrations. Caution and close monitoring for changes in the effectiveness of the salicylate are recommended. (Minor) Barbiturates can impair the oral absorption of griseofulvin, resulting in decreased serum concentrations and, potentially, decreased antifungal efficacy. The clinical significance of this interaction is uncertain, but the manufacturer recommends that these drugs not be co-administered.
Choline Salicylate; Magnesium Salicylate: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of griseofulvin with salicylates may result in decreased salicylate serum concentrations. Caution and close monitoring for changes in the effectiveness of the salicylate are recommended.
Conjugated Estrogens: (Major) Women taking both estrogens and griseofulvin should report breakthrough bleeding to their prescribers. If used for contraception, an alternate or additional form of contraception should be considered in patients prescribed griseofulvin. Higher-dose hormonal regimens may be indicated where acceptable or applicable. The alternative or additional contraceptive agent may need to be continued for 1 month after discontinuation of griseofulvin. Patients taking these hormones for other indications may need to be monitored for reduced clinical effect while on griseofulvin, with dose adjustments made based on clinical efficacy. Concurrent administration may increase estrogen elimination; the mechanism by which griseofulvin enhances estrogen elimination has not been fully elucidated.
Conjugated Estrogens; Bazedoxifene: (Major) Women taking both estrogens and griseofulvin should report breakthrough bleeding to their prescribers. If used for contraception, an alternate or additional form of contraception should be considered in patients prescribed griseofulvin. Higher-dose hormonal regimens may be indicated where acceptable or applicable. The alternative or additional contraceptive agent may need to be continued for 1 month after discontinuation of griseofulvin. Patients taking these hormones for other indications may need to be monitored for reduced clinical effect while on griseofulvin, with dose adjustments made based on clinical efficacy. Concurrent administration may increase estrogen elimination; the mechanism by which griseofulvin enhances estrogen elimination has not been fully elucidated.
Conjugated Estrogens; Medroxyprogesterone: (Major) The concurrent use of griseofulvin and oral contraceptives can reduce contraceptive efficacy and result in an unintended pregnancy and/or breakthrough bleeding. This risk is particularly serious because griseofulvin is contraindicated during pregnancy due to the risk of teratogenic and abortifacient effects. An alternate or additional form of contraception should be used during concomitant treatment and continued for 1 month after griseofulvin discontinuation. If these drugs are used together, counsel the patient about the risk of pregnancy and teratogenic effects, and instruct the patient to notify the prescriber if they experience breakthrough bleeding while receiving these drugs together. Additionally, patients taking non-oral combination contraceptives or progestins for hormone replacement therapy may also experience reduced clinical efficacy. (Major) Women taking both estrogens and griseofulvin should report breakthrough bleeding to their prescribers. If used for contraception, an alternate or additional form of contraception should be considered in patients prescribed griseofulvin. Higher-dose hormonal regimens may be indicated where acceptable or applicable. The alternative or additional contraceptive agent may need to be continued for 1 month after discontinuation of griseofulvin. Patients taking these hormones for other indications may need to be monitored for reduced clinical effect while on griseofulvin, with dose adjustments made based on clinical efficacy. Concurrent administration may increase estrogen elimination; the mechanism by which griseofulvin enhances estrogen elimination has not been fully elucidated.
Cyclosporine: (Moderate) Griseofulvin has been reported to reduce cyclosporine serum concentrations. Although very few reports of this interaction are known, the sequelae from this combination are significant. Closely monitor cyclosporine levels during concurrent treatment with griseofulvin. An increase in cyclosporine dose may be necessary if griseofulvin is added. The cyclosporine dosage may need to decreased if griseofulvin is discontinued.
Desogestrel; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Major) The concurrent use of griseofulvin and oral contraceptives can reduce contraceptive efficacy and result in an unintended pregnancy and/or breakthrough bleeding. This risk is particularly serious because griseofulvin is contraindicated during pregnancy due to the risk of teratogenic and abortifacient effects. An alternate or additional form of contraception should be used during concomitant treatment and continued for 1 month after griseofulvin discontinuation. If these drugs are used together, counsel the patient about the risk of pregnancy and teratogenic effects, and instruct the patient to notify the prescriber if they experience breakthrough bleeding while receiving these drugs together. Additionally, patients taking non-oral combination contraceptives or progestins for hormone replacement therapy may also experience reduced clinical efficacy. (Major) Women taking both estrogens and griseofulvin should report breakthrough bleeding to their prescribers. If used for contraception, an alternate or additional form of contraception should be considered in patients prescribed griseofulvin. Higher-dose hormonal regimens may be indicated where acceptable or applicable. The alternative or additional contraceptive agent may need to be continued for 1 month after discontinuation of griseofulvin. Patients taking these hormones for other indications may need to be monitored for reduced clinical effect while on griseofulvin, with dose adjustments made based on clinical efficacy. Concurrent administration may increase estrogen elimination; the mechanism by which griseofulvin enhances estrogen elimination has not been fully elucidated.
Dichlorphenamide: (Moderate) Use dichlorphenamide and griseofulvin together with caution. Dichlorphenamide increases potassium excretion and can cause hypokalemia and should be used cautiously with other drugs that may cause hypokalemia including antifungals. Measure potassium concentrations at baseline and periodically during dichlorphenamide treatment. If hypokalemia occurs or persists, consider reducing the dichlorphenamide dose or discontinuing dichlorphenamide therapy.
Dienogest; Estradiol valerate: (Major) The concurrent use of griseofulvin and oral contraceptives can reduce contraceptive efficacy and result in an unintended pregnancy and/or breakthrough bleeding. This risk is particularly serious because griseofulvin is contraindicated during pregnancy due to the risk of teratogenic and abortifacient effects. An alternate or additional form of contraception should be used during concomitant treatment and continued for 1 month after griseofulvin discontinuation. If these drugs are used together, counsel the patient about the risk of pregnancy and teratogenic effects, and instruct the patient to notify the prescriber if they experience breakthrough bleeding while receiving these drugs together. Additionally, patients taking non-oral combination contraceptives or progestins for hormone replacement therapy may also experience reduced clinical efficacy. (Major) Women taking both estrogens and griseofulvin should report breakthrough bleeding to their prescribers. If used for contraception, an alternate or additional form of contraception should be considered in patients prescribed griseofulvin. Higher-dose hormonal regimens may be indicated where acceptable or applicable. The alternative or additional contraceptive agent may need to be continued for 1 month after discontinuation of griseofulvin. Patients taking these hormones for other indications may need to be monitored for reduced clinical effect while on griseofulvin, with dose adjustments made based on clinical efficacy. Concurrent administration may increase estrogen elimination; the mechanism by which griseofulvin enhances estrogen elimination has not been fully elucidated.
Dronabinol: (Major) Oral solutions of dronabinol contain ethanol. Administration of dronabinol oral solution to patients receiving or who have recently received griseofulvin may result in disulfiram-like reactions (e.g., abdominal cramps, nausea/vomiting, headaches, and flushing). A disulfiram reaction would not be expected to occur with non-ethanol containing formulations of dronabinol (e.g., capsules).
Drospirenone: (Major) The concurrent use of griseofulvin and oral contraceptives can reduce contraceptive efficacy and result in an unintended pregnancy and/or breakthrough bleeding. This risk is particularly serious because griseofulvin is contraindicated during pregnancy due to the risk of teratogenic and abortifacient effects. An alternate or additional form of contraception should be used during concomitant treatment and continued for 1 month after griseofulvin discontinuation. If these drugs are used together, counsel the patient about the risk of pregnancy and teratogenic effects, and instruct the patient to notify the prescriber if they experience breakthrough bleeding while receiving these drugs together. Additionally, patients taking non-oral combination contraceptives or progestins for hormone replacement therapy may also experience reduced clinical efficacy.
Drospirenone; Estetrol: (Major) The concurrent use of griseofulvin and oral contraceptives can reduce contraceptive efficacy and result in an unintended pregnancy and/or breakthrough bleeding. This risk is particularly serious because griseofulvin is contraindicated during pregnancy due to the risk of teratogenic and abortifacient effects. An alternate or additional form of contraception should be used during concomitant treatment and continued for 1 month after griseofulvin discontinuation. If these drugs are used together, counsel the patient about the risk of pregnancy and teratogenic effects, and instruct the patient to notify the prescriber if they experience breakthrough bleeding while receiving these drugs together. Additionally, patients taking non-oral combination contraceptives or progestins for hormone replacement therapy may also experience reduced clinical efficacy.
Drospirenone; Estradiol: (Major) The concurrent use of griseofulvin and oral contraceptives can reduce contraceptive efficacy and result in an unintended pregnancy and/or breakthrough bleeding. This risk is particularly serious because griseofulvin is contraindicated during pregnancy due to the risk of teratogenic and abortifacient effects. An alternate or additional form of contraception should be used during concomitant treatment and continued for 1 month after griseofulvin discontinuation. If these drugs are used together, counsel the patient about the risk of pregnancy and teratogenic effects, and instruct the patient to notify the prescriber if they experience breakthrough bleeding while receiving these drugs together. Additionally, patients taking non-oral combination contraceptives or progestins for hormone replacement therapy may also experience reduced clinical efficacy. (Major) Women taking both estrogens and griseofulvin should report breakthrough bleeding to their prescribers. If used for contraception, an alternate or additional form of contraception should be considered in patients prescribed griseofulvin. Higher-dose hormonal regimens may be indicated where acceptable or applicable. The alternative or additional contraceptive agent may need to be continued for 1 month after discontinuation of griseofulvin. Patients taking these hormones for other indications may need to be monitored for reduced clinical effect while on griseofulvin, with dose adjustments made based on clinical efficacy. Concurrent administration may increase estrogen elimination; the mechanism by which griseofulvin enhances estrogen elimination has not been fully elucidated.
Drospirenone; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Major) The concurrent use of griseofulvin and oral contraceptives can reduce contraceptive efficacy and result in an unintended pregnancy and/or breakthrough bleeding. This risk is particularly serious because griseofulvin is contraindicated during pregnancy due to the risk of teratogenic and abortifacient effects. An alternate or additional form of contraception should be used during concomitant treatment and continued for 1 month after griseofulvin discontinuation. If these drugs are used together, counsel the patient about the risk of pregnancy and teratogenic effects, and instruct the patient to notify the prescriber if they experience breakthrough bleeding while receiving these drugs together. Additionally, patients taking non-oral combination contraceptives or progestins for hormone replacement therapy may also experience reduced clinical efficacy. (Major) Women taking both estrogens and griseofulvin should report breakthrough bleeding to their prescribers. If used for contraception, an alternate or additional form of contraception should be considered in patients prescribed griseofulvin. Higher-dose hormonal regimens may be indicated where acceptable or applicable. The alternative or additional contraceptive agent may need to be continued for 1 month after discontinuation of griseofulvin. Patients taking these hormones for other indications may need to be monitored for reduced clinical effect while on griseofulvin, with dose adjustments made based on clinical efficacy. Concurrent administration may increase estrogen elimination; the mechanism by which griseofulvin enhances estrogen elimination has not been fully elucidated.
Drospirenone; Ethinyl Estradiol; Levomefolate: (Major) The concurrent use of griseofulvin and oral contraceptives can reduce contraceptive efficacy and result in an unintended pregnancy and/or breakthrough bleeding. This risk is particularly serious because griseofulvin is contraindicated during pregnancy due to the risk of teratogenic and abortifacient effects. An alternate or additional form of contraception should be used during concomitant treatment and continued for 1 month after griseofulvin discontinuation. If these drugs are used together, counsel the patient about the risk of pregnancy and teratogenic effects, and instruct the patient to notify the prescriber if they experience breakthrough bleeding while receiving these drugs together. Additionally, patients taking non-oral combination contraceptives or progestins for hormone replacement therapy may also experience reduced clinical efficacy. (Major) Women taking both estrogens and griseofulvin should report breakthrough bleeding to their prescribers. If used for contraception, an alternate or additional form of contraception should be considered in patients prescribed griseofulvin. Higher-dose hormonal regimens may be indicated where acceptable or applicable. The alternative or additional contraceptive agent may need to be continued for 1 month after discontinuation of griseofulvin. Patients taking these hormones for other indications may need to be monitored for reduced clinical effect while on griseofulvin, with dose adjustments made based on clinical efficacy. Concurrent administration may increase estrogen elimination; the mechanism by which griseofulvin enhances estrogen elimination has not been fully elucidated.
Elagolix; Estradiol; Norethindrone acetate: (Major) The concurrent use of griseofulvin and oral contraceptives can reduce contraceptive efficacy and result in an unintended pregnancy and/or breakthrough bleeding. This risk is particularly serious because griseofulvin is contraindicated during pregnancy due to the risk of teratogenic and abortifacient effects. An alternate or additional form of contraception should be used during concomitant treatment and continued for 1 month after griseofulvin discontinuation. If these drugs are used together, counsel the patient about the risk of pregnancy and teratogenic effects, and instruct the patient to notify the prescriber if they experience breakthrough bleeding while receiving these drugs together. Additionally, patients taking non-oral combination contraceptives or progestins for hormone replacement therapy may also experience reduced clinical efficacy. (Major) Women taking both estrogens and griseofulvin should report breakthrough bleeding to their prescribers. If used for contraception, an alternate or additional form of contraception should be considered in patients prescribed griseofulvin. Higher-dose hormonal regimens may be indicated where acceptable or applicable. The alternative or additional contraceptive agent may need to be continued for 1 month after discontinuation of griseofulvin. Patients taking these hormones for other indications may need to be monitored for reduced clinical effect while on griseofulvin, with dose adjustments made based on clinical efficacy. Concurrent administration may increase estrogen elimination; the mechanism by which griseofulvin enhances estrogen elimination has not been fully elucidated.
Esterified Estrogens: (Major) Women taking both estrogens and griseofulvin should report breakthrough bleeding to their prescribers. If used for contraception, an alternate or additional form of contraception should be considered in patients prescribed griseofulvin. Higher-dose hormonal regimens may be indicated where acceptable or applicable. The alternative or additional contraceptive agent may need to be continued for 1 month after discontinuation of griseofulvin. Patients taking these hormones for other indications may need to be monitored for reduced clinical effect while on griseofulvin, with dose adjustments made based on clinical efficacy. Concurrent administration may increase estrogen elimination; the mechanism by which griseofulvin enhances estrogen elimination has not been fully elucidated.
Esterified Estrogens; Methyltestosterone: (Major) Women taking both estrogens and griseofulvin should report breakthrough bleeding to their prescribers. If used for contraception, an alternate or additional form of contraception should be considered in patients prescribed griseofulvin. Higher-dose hormonal regimens may be indicated where acceptable or applicable. The alternative or additional contraceptive agent may need to be continued for 1 month after discontinuation of griseofulvin. Patients taking these hormones for other indications may need to be monitored for reduced clinical effect while on griseofulvin, with dose adjustments made based on clinical efficacy. Concurrent administration may increase estrogen elimination; the mechanism by which griseofulvin enhances estrogen elimination has not been fully elucidated.
Estradiol: (Major) Women taking both estrogens and griseofulvin should report breakthrough bleeding to their prescribers. If used for contraception, an alternate or additional form of contraception should be considered in patients prescribed griseofulvin. Higher-dose hormonal regimens may be indicated where acceptable or applicable. The alternative or additional contraceptive agent may need to be continued for 1 month after discontinuation of griseofulvin. Patients taking these hormones for other indications may need to be monitored for reduced clinical effect while on griseofulvin, with dose adjustments made based on clinical efficacy. Concurrent administration may increase estrogen elimination; the mechanism by which griseofulvin enhances estrogen elimination has not been fully elucidated.
Estradiol; Levonorgestrel: (Major) The concurrent use of griseofulvin and oral contraceptives can reduce contraceptive efficacy and result in an unintended pregnancy and/or breakthrough bleeding. This risk is particularly serious because griseofulvin is contraindicated during pregnancy due to the risk of teratogenic and abortifacient effects. An alternate or additional form of contraception should be used during concomitant treatment and continued for 1 month after griseofulvin discontinuation. If these drugs are used together, counsel the patient about the risk of pregnancy and teratogenic effects, and instruct the patient to notify the prescriber if they experience breakthrough bleeding while receiving these drugs together. Additionally, patients taking non-oral combination contraceptives or progestins for hormone replacement therapy may also experience reduced clinical efficacy. (Major) Women taking both estrogens and griseofulvin should report breakthrough bleeding to their prescribers. If used for contraception, an alternate or additional form of contraception should be considered in patients prescribed griseofulvin. Higher-dose hormonal regimens may be indicated where acceptable or applicable. The alternative or additional contraceptive agent may need to be continued for 1 month after discontinuation of griseofulvin. Patients taking these hormones for other indications may need to be monitored for reduced clinical effect while on griseofulvin, with dose adjustments made based on clinical efficacy. Concurrent administration may increase estrogen elimination; the mechanism by which griseofulvin enhances estrogen elimination has not been fully elucidated.
Estradiol; Norethindrone: (Major) The concurrent use of griseofulvin and oral contraceptives can reduce contraceptive efficacy and result in an unintended pregnancy and/or breakthrough bleeding. This risk is particularly serious because griseofulvin is contraindicated during pregnancy due to the risk of teratogenic and abortifacient effects. An alternate or additional form of contraception should be used during concomitant treatment and continued for 1 month after griseofulvin discontinuation. If these drugs are used together, counsel the patient about the risk of pregnancy and teratogenic effects, and instruct the patient to notify the prescriber if they experience breakthrough bleeding while receiving these drugs together. Additionally, patients taking non-oral combination contraceptives or progestins for hormone replacement therapy may also experience reduced clinical efficacy. (Major) Women taking both estrogens and griseofulvin should report breakthrough bleeding to their prescribers. If used for contraception, an alternate or additional form of contraception should be considered in patients prescribed griseofulvin. Higher-dose hormonal regimens may be indicated where acceptable or applicable. The alternative or additional contraceptive agent may need to be continued for 1 month after discontinuation of griseofulvin. Patients taking these hormones for other indications may need to be monitored for reduced clinical effect while on griseofulvin, with dose adjustments made based on clinical efficacy. Concurrent administration may increase estrogen elimination; the mechanism by which griseofulvin enhances estrogen elimination has not been fully elucidated.
Estradiol; Norgestimate: (Major) The concurrent use of griseofulvin and oral contraceptives can reduce contraceptive efficacy and result in an unintended pregnancy and/or breakthrough bleeding. This risk is particularly serious because griseofulvin is contraindicated during pregnancy due to the risk of teratogenic and abortifacient effects. An alternate or additional form of contraception should be used during concomitant treatment and continued for 1 month after griseofulvin discontinuation. If these drugs are used together, counsel the patient about the risk of pregnancy and teratogenic effects, and instruct the patient to notify the prescriber if they experience breakthrough bleeding while receiving these drugs together. Additionally, patients taking non-oral combination contraceptives or progestins for hormone replacement therapy may also experience reduced clinical efficacy. (Major) Women taking both estrogens and griseofulvin should report breakthrough bleeding to their prescribers. If used for contraception, an alternate or additional form of contraception should be considered in patients prescribed griseofulvin. Higher-dose hormonal regimens may be indicated where acceptable or applicable. The alternative or additional contraceptive agent may need to be continued for 1 month after discontinuation of griseofulvin. Patients taking these hormones for other indications may need to be monitored for reduced clinical effect while on griseofulvin, with dose adjustments made based on clinical efficacy. Concurrent administration may increase estrogen elimination; the mechanism by which griseofulvin enhances estrogen elimination has not been fully elucidated.
Estradiol; Progesterone: (Major) The concurrent use of griseofulvin and oral contraceptives can reduce contraceptive efficacy and result in an unintended pregnancy and/or breakthrough bleeding. This risk is particularly serious because griseofulvin is contraindicated during pregnancy due to the risk of teratogenic and abortifacient effects. An alternate or additional form of contraception should be used during concomitant treatment and continued for 1 month after griseofulvin discontinuation. If these drugs are used together, counsel the patient about the risk of pregnancy and teratogenic effects, and instruct the patient to notify the prescriber if they experience breakthrough bleeding while receiving these drugs together. Additionally, patients taking non-oral combination contraceptives or progestins for hormone replacement therapy may also experience reduced clinical efficacy. (Major) Women taking both estrogens and griseofulvin should report breakthrough bleeding to their prescribers. If used for contraception, an alternate or additional form of contraception should be considered in patients prescribed griseofulvin. Higher-dose hormonal regimens may be indicated where acceptable or applicable. The alternative or additional contraceptive agent may need to be continued for 1 month after discontinuation of griseofulvin. Patients taking these hormones for other indications may need to be monitored for reduced clinical effect while on griseofulvin, with dose adjustments made based on clinical efficacy. Concurrent administration may increase estrogen elimination; the mechanism by which griseofulvin enhances estrogen elimination has not been fully elucidated.
Estrogens affected by CYP3A inducers: (Major) Women taking both estrogens and griseofulvin should report breakthrough bleeding to their prescribers. If used for contraception, an alternate or additional form of contraception should be considered in patients prescribed griseofulvin. Higher-dose hormonal regimens may be indicated where acceptable or applicable. The alternative or additional contraceptive agent may need to be continued for 1 month after discontinuation of griseofulvin. Patients taking these hormones for other indications may need to be monitored for reduced clinical effect while on griseofulvin, with dose adjustments made based on clinical efficacy. Concurrent administration may increase estrogen elimination; the mechanism by which griseofulvin enhances estrogen elimination has not been fully elucidated.
Estropipate: (Major) Women taking both estrogens and griseofulvin should report breakthrough bleeding to their prescribers. If used for contraception, an alternate or additional form of contraception should be considered in patients prescribed griseofulvin. Higher-dose hormonal regimens may be indicated where acceptable or applicable. The alternative or additional contraceptive agent may need to be continued for 1 month after discontinuation of griseofulvin. Patients taking these hormones for other indications may need to be monitored for reduced clinical effect while on griseofulvin, with dose adjustments made based on clinical efficacy. Concurrent administration may increase estrogen elimination; the mechanism by which griseofulvin enhances estrogen elimination has not been fully elucidated.
Ethanol: (Major) Advise patients to avoid alcohol consumption while taking griseofulvin. Nausea, vomiting, flushing, tachycardia, and severe hypotension have been reported following alcohol ingestion during griseofulvin therapy. (Moderate) Although the injection of alcohol used for therapeutic procedures is not expected to produce significant systemic effects of ethanol, use caution with concomitant use of griseofulvin. Disulfiram-like side effects, including nausea, vomiting, tachycardia, headache, flushing, and abdominal cramps, may occur.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norelgestromin: (Major) The concurrent use of griseofulvin and oral contraceptives can reduce contraceptive efficacy and result in an unintended pregnancy and/or breakthrough bleeding. This risk is particularly serious because griseofulvin is contraindicated during pregnancy due to the risk of teratogenic and abortifacient effects. An alternate or additional form of contraception should be used during concomitant treatment and continued for 1 month after griseofulvin discontinuation. If these drugs are used together, counsel the patient about the risk of pregnancy and teratogenic effects, and instruct the patient to notify the prescriber if they experience breakthrough bleeding while receiving these drugs together. Additionally, patients taking non-oral combination contraceptives or progestins for hormone replacement therapy may also experience reduced clinical efficacy. (Major) Women taking both estrogens and griseofulvin should report breakthrough bleeding to their prescribers. If used for contraception, an alternate or additional form of contraception should be considered in patients prescribed griseofulvin. Higher-dose hormonal regimens may be indicated where acceptable or applicable. The alternative or additional contraceptive agent may need to be continued for 1 month after discontinuation of griseofulvin. Patients taking these hormones for other indications may need to be monitored for reduced clinical effect while on griseofulvin, with dose adjustments made based on clinical efficacy. Concurrent administration may increase estrogen elimination; the mechanism by which griseofulvin enhances estrogen elimination has not been fully elucidated.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norethindrone Acetate: (Major) The concurrent use of griseofulvin and oral contraceptives can reduce contraceptive efficacy and result in an unintended pregnancy and/or breakthrough bleeding. This risk is particularly serious because griseofulvin is contraindicated during pregnancy due to the risk of teratogenic and abortifacient effects. An alternate or additional form of contraception should be used during concomitant treatment and continued for 1 month after griseofulvin discontinuation. If these drugs are used together, counsel the patient about the risk of pregnancy and teratogenic effects, and instruct the patient to notify the prescriber if they experience breakthrough bleeding while receiving these drugs together. Additionally, patients taking non-oral combination contraceptives or progestins for hormone replacement therapy may also experience reduced clinical efficacy. (Major) Women taking both estrogens and griseofulvin should report breakthrough bleeding to their prescribers. If used for contraception, an alternate or additional form of contraception should be considered in patients prescribed griseofulvin. Higher-dose hormonal regimens may be indicated where acceptable or applicable. The alternative or additional contraceptive agent may need to be continued for 1 month after discontinuation of griseofulvin. Patients taking these hormones for other indications may need to be monitored for reduced clinical effect while on griseofulvin, with dose adjustments made based on clinical efficacy. Concurrent administration may increase estrogen elimination; the mechanism by which griseofulvin enhances estrogen elimination has not been fully elucidated.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norgestrel: (Major) The concurrent use of griseofulvin and oral contraceptives can reduce contraceptive efficacy and result in an unintended pregnancy and/or breakthrough bleeding. This risk is particularly serious because griseofulvin is contraindicated during pregnancy due to the risk of teratogenic and abortifacient effects. An alternate or additional form of contraception should be used during concomitant treatment and continued for 1 month after griseofulvin discontinuation. If these drugs are used together, counsel the patient about the risk of pregnancy and teratogenic effects, and instruct the patient to notify the prescriber if they experience breakthrough bleeding while receiving these drugs together. Additionally, patients taking non-oral combination contraceptives or progestins for hormone replacement therapy may also experience reduced clinical efficacy. (Major) Women taking both estrogens and griseofulvin should report breakthrough bleeding to their prescribers. If used for contraception, an alternate or additional form of contraception should be considered in patients prescribed griseofulvin. Higher-dose hormonal regimens may be indicated where acceptable or applicable. The alternative or additional contraceptive agent may need to be continued for 1 month after discontinuation of griseofulvin. Patients taking these hormones for other indications may need to be monitored for reduced clinical effect while on griseofulvin, with dose adjustments made based on clinical efficacy. Concurrent administration may increase estrogen elimination; the mechanism by which griseofulvin enhances estrogen elimination has not been fully elucidated.
Ethynodiol Diacetate; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Major) The concurrent use of griseofulvin and oral contraceptives can reduce contraceptive efficacy and result in an unintended pregnancy and/or breakthrough bleeding. This risk is particularly serious because griseofulvin is contraindicated during pregnancy due to the risk of teratogenic and abortifacient effects. An alternate or additional form of contraception should be used during concomitant treatment and continued for 1 month after griseofulvin discontinuation. If these drugs are used together, counsel the patient about the risk of pregnancy and teratogenic effects, and instruct the patient to notify the prescriber if they experience breakthrough bleeding while receiving these drugs together. Additionally, patients taking non-oral combination contraceptives or progestins for hormone replacement therapy may also experience reduced clinical efficacy. (Major) Women taking both estrogens and griseofulvin should report breakthrough bleeding to their prescribers. If used for contraception, an alternate or additional form of contraception should be considered in patients prescribed griseofulvin. Higher-dose hormonal regimens may be indicated where acceptable or applicable. The alternative or additional contraceptive agent may need to be continued for 1 month after discontinuation of griseofulvin. Patients taking these hormones for other indications may need to be monitored for reduced clinical effect while on griseofulvin, with dose adjustments made based on clinical efficacy. Concurrent administration may increase estrogen elimination; the mechanism by which griseofulvin enhances estrogen elimination has not been fully elucidated.
Etonogestrel: (Major) The concurrent use of griseofulvin and oral contraceptives can reduce contraceptive efficacy and result in an unintended pregnancy and/or breakthrough bleeding. This risk is particularly serious because griseofulvin is contraindicated during pregnancy due to the risk of teratogenic and abortifacient effects. An alternate or additional form of contraception should be used during concomitant treatment and continued for 1 month after griseofulvin discontinuation. If these drugs are used together, counsel the patient about the risk of pregnancy and teratogenic effects, and instruct the patient to notify the prescriber if they experience breakthrough bleeding while receiving these drugs together. Additionally, patients taking non-oral combination contraceptives or progestins for hormone replacement therapy may also experience reduced clinical efficacy.
Etonogestrel; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Major) The concurrent use of griseofulvin and oral contraceptives can reduce contraceptive efficacy and result in an unintended pregnancy and/or breakthrough bleeding. This risk is particularly serious because griseofulvin is contraindicated during pregnancy due to the risk of teratogenic and abortifacient effects. An alternate or additional form of contraception should be used during concomitant treatment and continued for 1 month after griseofulvin discontinuation. If these drugs are used together, counsel the patient about the risk of pregnancy and teratogenic effects, and instruct the patient to notify the prescriber if they experience breakthrough bleeding while receiving these drugs together. Additionally, patients taking non-oral combination contraceptives or progestins for hormone replacement therapy may also experience reduced clinical efficacy. (Major) Women taking both estrogens and griseofulvin should report breakthrough bleeding to their prescribers. If used for contraception, an alternate or additional form of contraception should be considered in patients prescribed griseofulvin. Higher-dose hormonal regimens may be indicated where acceptable or applicable. The alternative or additional contraceptive agent may need to be continued for 1 month after discontinuation of griseofulvin. Patients taking these hormones for other indications may need to be monitored for reduced clinical effect while on griseofulvin, with dose adjustments made based on clinical efficacy. Concurrent administration may increase estrogen elimination; the mechanism by which griseofulvin enhances estrogen elimination has not been fully elucidated.
Food: (Moderate) Food can affect the oral bioavailability of griseofulvin. Microsize griseofulvin absorption may be enhanced by concomitant intake of a high-fat meal, but results have been variable.
Glimepiride: (Moderate) Additive photosensitization may be seen with concurrent administration of sulfonylureas and other photosensitizing agents including griseofulvin. Prevention of photosensitivity includes adequate protection from sources of UV radiation (e.g., avoiding sun exposure and tanning booths) and the use of protective clothing and sunscreens on exposed skin.
Glipizide: (Moderate) Additive photosensitization may be seen with concurrent administration of sulfonylureas and other photosensitizing agents including griseofulvin. Prevention of photosensitivity includes adequate protection from sources of UV radiation (e.g., avoiding sun exposure and tanning booths) and the use of protective clothing and sunscreens on exposed skin.
Glipizide; Metformin: (Moderate) Additive photosensitization may be seen with concurrent administration of sulfonylureas and other photosensitizing agents including griseofulvin. Prevention of photosensitivity includes adequate protection from sources of UV radiation (e.g., avoiding sun exposure and tanning booths) and the use of protective clothing and sunscreens on exposed skin.
Glyburide: (Moderate) Additive photosensitization may be seen with concurrent administration of sulfonylureas and other photosensitizing agents including griseofulvin. Prevention of photosensitivity includes adequate protection from sources of UV radiation (e.g., avoiding sun exposure and tanning booths) and the use of protective clothing and sunscreens on exposed skin.
Glyburide; Metformin: (Moderate) Additive photosensitization may be seen with concurrent administration of sulfonylureas and other photosensitizing agents including griseofulvin. Prevention of photosensitivity includes adequate protection from sources of UV radiation (e.g., avoiding sun exposure and tanning booths) and the use of protective clothing and sunscreens on exposed skin.
Halobetasol; Tazarotene: (Moderate) The manufacturer states that tazarotene should be administered with caution in patients who are also taking drugs known to be photosensitizers, such as griseofulvin, as concomitant use may augment phototoxicity. Patients should take care and use proper techniques to limit sunlight and UV exposure of treated areas.
Hyoscyamine; Methenamine; Methylene Blue; Phenyl Salicylate; Sodium Biphosphate: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of griseofulvin with salicylates may result in decreased salicylate serum concentrations. Caution and close monitoring for changes in the effectiveness of the salicylate are recommended.
Leuprolide; Norethindrone: (Major) The concurrent use of griseofulvin and oral contraceptives can reduce contraceptive efficacy and result in an unintended pregnancy and/or breakthrough bleeding. This risk is particularly serious because griseofulvin is contraindicated during pregnancy due to the risk of teratogenic and abortifacient effects. An alternate or additional form of contraception should be used during concomitant treatment and continued for 1 month after griseofulvin discontinuation. If these drugs are used together, counsel the patient about the risk of pregnancy and teratogenic effects, and instruct the patient to notify the prescriber if they experience breakthrough bleeding while receiving these drugs together. Additionally, patients taking non-oral combination contraceptives or progestins for hormone replacement therapy may also experience reduced clinical efficacy.
Levonorgestrel: (Major) The concurrent use of griseofulvin and oral contraceptives can reduce contraceptive efficacy and result in an unintended pregnancy and/or breakthrough bleeding. This risk is particularly serious because griseofulvin is contraindicated during pregnancy due to the risk of teratogenic and abortifacient effects. An alternate or additional form of contraception should be used during concomitant treatment and continued for 1 month after griseofulvin discontinuation. If these drugs are used together, counsel the patient about the risk of pregnancy and teratogenic effects, and instruct the patient to notify the prescriber if they experience breakthrough bleeding while receiving these drugs together. Additionally, patients taking non-oral combination contraceptives or progestins for hormone replacement therapy may also experience reduced clinical efficacy.
Levonorgestrel; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Major) The concurrent use of griseofulvin and oral contraceptives can reduce contraceptive efficacy and result in an unintended pregnancy and/or breakthrough bleeding. This risk is particularly serious because griseofulvin is contraindicated during pregnancy due to the risk of teratogenic and abortifacient effects. An alternate or additional form of contraception should be used during concomitant treatment and continued for 1 month after griseofulvin discontinuation. If these drugs are used together, counsel the patient about the risk of pregnancy and teratogenic effects, and instruct the patient to notify the prescriber if they experience breakthrough bleeding while receiving these drugs together. Additionally, patients taking non-oral combination contraceptives or progestins for hormone replacement therapy may also experience reduced clinical efficacy. (Major) Women taking both estrogens and griseofulvin should report breakthrough bleeding to their prescribers. If used for contraception, an alternate or additional form of contraception should be considered in patients prescribed griseofulvin. Higher-dose hormonal regimens may be indicated where acceptable or applicable. The alternative or additional contraceptive agent may need to be continued for 1 month after discontinuation of griseofulvin. Patients taking these hormones for other indications may need to be monitored for reduced clinical effect while on griseofulvin, with dose adjustments made based on clinical efficacy. Concurrent administration may increase estrogen elimination; the mechanism by which griseofulvin enhances estrogen elimination has not been fully elucidated.
Levonorgestrel; Ethinyl Estradiol; Ferrous Bisglycinate: (Major) The concurrent use of griseofulvin and oral contraceptives can reduce contraceptive efficacy and result in an unintended pregnancy and/or breakthrough bleeding. This risk is particularly serious because griseofulvin is contraindicated during pregnancy due to the risk of teratogenic and abortifacient effects. An alternate or additional form of contraception should be used during concomitant treatment and continued for 1 month after griseofulvin discontinuation. If these drugs are used together, counsel the patient about the risk of pregnancy and teratogenic effects, and instruct the patient to notify the prescriber if they experience breakthrough bleeding while receiving these drugs together. Additionally, patients taking non-oral combination contraceptives or progestins for hormone replacement therapy may also experience reduced clinical efficacy. (Major) Women taking both estrogens and griseofulvin should report breakthrough bleeding to their prescribers. If used for contraception, an alternate or additional form of contraception should be considered in patients prescribed griseofulvin. Higher-dose hormonal regimens may be indicated where acceptable or applicable. The alternative or additional contraceptive agent may need to be continued for 1 month after discontinuation of griseofulvin. Patients taking these hormones for other indications may need to be monitored for reduced clinical effect while on griseofulvin, with dose adjustments made based on clinical efficacy. Concurrent administration may increase estrogen elimination; the mechanism by which griseofulvin enhances estrogen elimination has not been fully elucidated.
Levonorgestrel; Ethinyl Estradiol; Ferrous Fumarate: (Major) The concurrent use of griseofulvin and oral contraceptives can reduce contraceptive efficacy and result in an unintended pregnancy and/or breakthrough bleeding. This risk is particularly serious because griseofulvin is contraindicated during pregnancy due to the risk of teratogenic and abortifacient effects. An alternate or additional form of contraception should be used during concomitant treatment and continued for 1 month after griseofulvin discontinuation. If these drugs are used together, counsel the patient about the risk of pregnancy and teratogenic effects, and instruct the patient to notify the prescriber if they experience breakthrough bleeding while receiving these drugs together. Additionally, patients taking non-oral combination contraceptives or progestins for hormone replacement therapy may also experience reduced clinical efficacy. (Major) Women taking both estrogens and griseofulvin should report breakthrough bleeding to their prescribers. If used for contraception, an alternate or additional form of contraception should be considered in patients prescribed griseofulvin. Higher-dose hormonal regimens may be indicated where acceptable or applicable. The alternative or additional contraceptive agent may need to be continued for 1 month after discontinuation of griseofulvin. Patients taking these hormones for other indications may need to be monitored for reduced clinical effect while on griseofulvin, with dose adjustments made based on clinical efficacy. Concurrent administration may increase estrogen elimination; the mechanism by which griseofulvin enhances estrogen elimination has not been fully elucidated.
Lopinavir; Ritonavir: (Major) Oral solutions of lopinavir; ritonavir contain ethanol. Administration of lopinavir; ritonavir oral solution to patients receiving or who have recently received griseofulvin may result in disulfiram-like reactions (e.g., abdominal cramps, nausea/vomiting, headaches, and flushing). A disulfiram reaction would not be expected to occur with non-ethanol containing formulations of lopinavir; ritonavir (e.g., tablets). (Major) Ritonavir oral solution and capsules contain ethanol. Administration of ritonavir oral solution and capsules to patients receiving or who have recently received griseofulvin may result in disulfiram-like reactions (e.g., abdominal cramps, nausea/vomiting, headaches, and flushing). A disulfiram reaction would not be expected to occur with non-ethanol containing formulations of ritonavir (e.g., tablets or oral powder).
Magnesium Salicylate: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of griseofulvin with salicylates may result in decreased salicylate serum concentrations. Caution and close monitoring for changes in the effectiveness of the salicylate are recommended.
Medroxyprogesterone: (Major) The concurrent use of griseofulvin and oral contraceptives can reduce contraceptive efficacy and result in an unintended pregnancy and/or breakthrough bleeding. This risk is particularly serious because griseofulvin is contraindicated during pregnancy due to the risk of teratogenic and abortifacient effects. An alternate or additional form of contraception should be used during concomitant treatment and continued for 1 month after griseofulvin discontinuation. If these drugs are used together, counsel the patient about the risk of pregnancy and teratogenic effects, and instruct the patient to notify the prescriber if they experience breakthrough bleeding while receiving these drugs together. Additionally, patients taking non-oral combination contraceptives or progestins for hormone replacement therapy may also experience reduced clinical efficacy.
Methenamine; Sodium Salicylate: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of griseofulvin with salicylates may result in decreased salicylate serum concentrations. Caution and close monitoring for changes in the effectiveness of the salicylate are recommended.
Methohexital: (Minor) Barbiturates can impair the oral absorption of griseofulvin, resulting in decreased serum concentrations and, potentially, decreased antifungal efficacy. The clinical significance of this interaction is uncertain, but the manufacturer recommends that these drugs not be co-administered.
Methoxsalen: (Moderate) Use methoxsalen and griseofulvin together with caution; the risk of severe burns/photosensitivity may be additive. If concurrent use is necessary, closely monitor patients for signs or symptoms of skin toxicity.
Nirmatrelvir; Ritonavir: (Major) Ritonavir oral solution and capsules contain ethanol. Administration of ritonavir oral solution and capsules to patients receiving or who have recently received griseofulvin may result in disulfiram-like reactions (e.g., abdominal cramps, nausea/vomiting, headaches, and flushing). A disulfiram reaction would not be expected to occur with non-ethanol containing formulations of ritonavir (e.g., tablets or oral powder).
Norethindrone Acetate; Ethinyl Estradiol; Ferrous fumarate: (Major) The concurrent use of griseofulvin and oral contraceptives can reduce contraceptive efficacy and result in an unintended pregnancy and/or breakthrough bleeding. This risk is particularly serious because griseofulvin is contraindicated during pregnancy due to the risk of teratogenic and abortifacient effects. An alternate or additional form of contraception should be used during concomitant treatment and continued for 1 month after griseofulvin discontinuation. If these drugs are used together, counsel the patient about the risk of pregnancy and teratogenic effects, and instruct the patient to notify the prescriber if they experience breakthrough bleeding while receiving these drugs together. Additionally, patients taking non-oral combination contraceptives or progestins for hormone replacement therapy may also experience reduced clinical efficacy. (Major) Women taking both estrogens and griseofulvin should report breakthrough bleeding to their prescribers. If used for contraception, an alternate or additional form of contraception should be considered in patients prescribed griseofulvin. Higher-dose hormonal regimens may be indicated where acceptable or applicable. The alternative or additional contraceptive agent may need to be continued for 1 month after discontinuation of griseofulvin. Patients taking these hormones for other indications may need to be monitored for reduced clinical effect while on griseofulvin, with dose adjustments made based on clinical efficacy. Concurrent administration may increase estrogen elimination; the mechanism by which griseofulvin enhances estrogen elimination has not been fully elucidated.
Norethindrone: (Major) The concurrent use of griseofulvin and oral contraceptives can reduce contraceptive efficacy and result in an unintended pregnancy and/or breakthrough bleeding. This risk is particularly serious because griseofulvin is contraindicated during pregnancy due to the risk of teratogenic and abortifacient effects. An alternate or additional form of contraception should be used during concomitant treatment and continued for 1 month after griseofulvin discontinuation. If these drugs are used together, counsel the patient about the risk of pregnancy and teratogenic effects, and instruct the patient to notify the prescriber if they experience breakthrough bleeding while receiving these drugs together. Additionally, patients taking non-oral combination contraceptives or progestins for hormone replacement therapy may also experience reduced clinical efficacy.
Norethindrone; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Major) The concurrent use of griseofulvin and oral contraceptives can reduce contraceptive efficacy and result in an unintended pregnancy and/or breakthrough bleeding. This risk is particularly serious because griseofulvin is contraindicated during pregnancy due to the risk of teratogenic and abortifacient effects. An alternate or additional form of contraception should be used during concomitant treatment and continued for 1 month after griseofulvin discontinuation. If these drugs are used together, counsel the patient about the risk of pregnancy and teratogenic effects, and instruct the patient to notify the prescriber if they experience breakthrough bleeding while receiving these drugs together. Additionally, patients taking non-oral combination contraceptives or progestins for hormone replacement therapy may also experience reduced clinical efficacy. (Major) Women taking both estrogens and griseofulvin should report breakthrough bleeding to their prescribers. If used for contraception, an alternate or additional form of contraception should be considered in patients prescribed griseofulvin. Higher-dose hormonal regimens may be indicated where acceptable or applicable. The alternative or additional contraceptive agent may need to be continued for 1 month after discontinuation of griseofulvin. Patients taking these hormones for other indications may need to be monitored for reduced clinical effect while on griseofulvin, with dose adjustments made based on clinical efficacy. Concurrent administration may increase estrogen elimination; the mechanism by which griseofulvin enhances estrogen elimination has not been fully elucidated.
Norethindrone; Ethinyl Estradiol; Ferrous fumarate: (Major) The concurrent use of griseofulvin and oral contraceptives can reduce contraceptive efficacy and result in an unintended pregnancy and/or breakthrough bleeding. This risk is particularly serious because griseofulvin is contraindicated during pregnancy due to the risk of teratogenic and abortifacient effects. An alternate or additional form of contraception should be used during concomitant treatment and continued for 1 month after griseofulvin discontinuation. If these drugs are used together, counsel the patient about the risk of pregnancy and teratogenic effects, and instruct the patient to notify the prescriber if they experience breakthrough bleeding while receiving these drugs together. Additionally, patients taking non-oral combination contraceptives or progestins for hormone replacement therapy may also experience reduced clinical efficacy. (Major) Women taking both estrogens and griseofulvin should report breakthrough bleeding to their prescribers. If used for contraception, an alternate or additional form of contraception should be considered in patients prescribed griseofulvin. Higher-dose hormonal regimens may be indicated where acceptable or applicable. The alternative or additional contraceptive agent may need to be continued for 1 month after discontinuation of griseofulvin. Patients taking these hormones for other indications may need to be monitored for reduced clinical effect while on griseofulvin, with dose adjustments made based on clinical efficacy. Concurrent administration may increase estrogen elimination; the mechanism by which griseofulvin enhances estrogen elimination has not been fully elucidated.
Norgestimate; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Major) The concurrent use of griseofulvin and oral contraceptives can reduce contraceptive efficacy and result in an unintended pregnancy and/or breakthrough bleeding. This risk is particularly serious because griseofulvin is contraindicated during pregnancy due to the risk of teratogenic and abortifacient effects. An alternate or additional form of contraception should be used during concomitant treatment and continued for 1 month after griseofulvin discontinuation. If these drugs are used together, counsel the patient about the risk of pregnancy and teratogenic effects, and instruct the patient to notify the prescriber if they experience breakthrough bleeding while receiving these drugs together. Additionally, patients taking non-oral combination contraceptives or progestins for hormone replacement therapy may also experience reduced clinical efficacy. (Major) Women taking both estrogens and griseofulvin should report breakthrough bleeding to their prescribers. If used for contraception, an alternate or additional form of contraception should be considered in patients prescribed griseofulvin. Higher-dose hormonal regimens may be indicated where acceptable or applicable. The alternative or additional contraceptive agent may need to be continued for 1 month after discontinuation of griseofulvin. Patients taking these hormones for other indications may need to be monitored for reduced clinical effect while on griseofulvin, with dose adjustments made based on clinical efficacy. Concurrent administration may increase estrogen elimination; the mechanism by which griseofulvin enhances estrogen elimination has not been fully elucidated.
Norgestrel: (Major) The concurrent use of griseofulvin and oral contraceptives can reduce contraceptive efficacy and result in an unintended pregnancy and/or breakthrough bleeding. This risk is particularly serious because griseofulvin is contraindicated during pregnancy due to the risk of teratogenic and abortifacient effects. An alternate or additional form of contraception should be used during concomitant treatment and continued for 1 month after griseofulvin discontinuation. If these drugs are used together, counsel the patient about the risk of pregnancy and teratogenic effects, and instruct the patient to notify the prescriber if they experience breakthrough bleeding while receiving these drugs together. Additionally, patients taking non-oral combination contraceptives or progestins for hormone replacement therapy may also experience reduced clinical efficacy.
Pentobarbital: (Minor) Barbiturates can impair the oral absorption of griseofulvin, resulting in decreased serum concentrations and, potentially, decreased antifungal efficacy. The clinical significance of this interaction is uncertain, but the manufacturer recommends that these drugs not be co-administered.
Perampanel: (Major) Start perampanel at a higher initial dose of 4 mg once daily at bedtime when using concurrently with griseofulvin due to a potential reduction in perampanel plasma concentration. If introduction or withdrawal of griseofulvin occurs during perampanel therapy, closely monitor patient response; a dosage adjustment may be necessary. Griseofulvin is a CYP3A4 inducer, and perampanel is a CYP3A4 substrate.
Phenobarbital: (Minor) Barbiturates can impair the oral absorption of griseofulvin, resulting in decreased serum concentrations and, potentially, decreased antifungal efficacy. The clinical significance of this interaction is uncertain, but the manufacturer recommends that these drugs not be co-administered.
Phenobarbital; Hyoscyamine; Atropine; Scopolamine: (Minor) Barbiturates can impair the oral absorption of griseofulvin, resulting in decreased serum concentrations and, potentially, decreased antifungal efficacy. The clinical significance of this interaction is uncertain, but the manufacturer recommends that these drugs not be co-administered.
Photosensitizing agents (topical): (Moderate) Griseofulvin may induce photosensitivity and may increase the effects of photosensitizing agents.
Pioglitazone; Glimepiride: (Moderate) Additive photosensitization may be seen with concurrent administration of sulfonylureas and other photosensitizing agents including griseofulvin. Prevention of photosensitivity includes adequate protection from sources of UV radiation (e.g., avoiding sun exposure and tanning booths) and the use of protective clothing and sunscreens on exposed skin.
Porfimer: (Major) Avoid coadministration of porfimer with griseofulvin due to the risk of increased photosensitivity. Porfimer is a light-activated drug used in photodynamic therapy; all patients treated with porfimer will be photosensitive. Concomitant use of other photosensitizing agents like griseofulvin may increase the risk of a photosensitivity reaction.
Primidone: (Minor) Barbiturates can impair the oral absorption of griseofulvin, resulting in decreased serum concentrations and, potentially, decreased antifungal efficacy. The clinical significance of this interaction is uncertain, but the manufacturer recommends that these drugs not be co-administered.
Progesterone: (Major) The concurrent use of griseofulvin and oral contraceptives can reduce contraceptive efficacy and result in an unintended pregnancy and/or breakthrough bleeding. This risk is particularly serious because griseofulvin is contraindicated during pregnancy due to the risk of teratogenic and abortifacient effects. An alternate or additional form of contraception should be used during concomitant treatment and continued for 1 month after griseofulvin discontinuation. If these drugs are used together, counsel the patient about the risk of pregnancy and teratogenic effects, and instruct the patient to notify the prescriber if they experience breakthrough bleeding while receiving these drugs together. Additionally, patients taking non-oral combination contraceptives or progestins for hormone replacement therapy may also experience reduced clinical efficacy.
Progestins: (Major) The concurrent use of griseofulvin and oral contraceptives can reduce contraceptive efficacy and result in an unintended pregnancy and/or breakthrough bleeding. This risk is particularly serious because griseofulvin is contraindicated during pregnancy due to the risk of teratogenic and abortifacient effects. An alternate or additional form of contraception should be used during concomitant treatment and continued for 1 month after griseofulvin discontinuation. If these drugs are used together, counsel the patient about the risk of pregnancy and teratogenic effects, and instruct the patient to notify the prescriber if they experience breakthrough bleeding while receiving these drugs together. Additionally, patients taking non-oral combination contraceptives or progestins for hormone replacement therapy may also experience reduced clinical efficacy.
Relugolix; Estradiol; Norethindrone acetate: (Major) The concurrent use of griseofulvin and oral contraceptives can reduce contraceptive efficacy and result in an unintended pregnancy and/or breakthrough bleeding. This risk is particularly serious because griseofulvin is contraindicated during pregnancy due to the risk of teratogenic and abortifacient effects. An alternate or additional form of contraception should be used during concomitant treatment and continued for 1 month after griseofulvin discontinuation. If these drugs are used together, counsel the patient about the risk of pregnancy and teratogenic effects, and instruct the patient to notify the prescriber if they experience breakthrough bleeding while receiving these drugs together. Additionally, patients taking non-oral combination contraceptives or progestins for hormone replacement therapy may also experience reduced clinical efficacy. (Major) Women taking both estrogens and griseofulvin should report breakthrough bleeding to their prescribers. If used for contraception, an alternate or additional form of contraception should be considered in patients prescribed griseofulvin. Higher-dose hormonal regimens may be indicated where acceptable or applicable. The alternative or additional contraceptive agent may need to be continued for 1 month after discontinuation of griseofulvin. Patients taking these hormones for other indications may need to be monitored for reduced clinical effect while on griseofulvin, with dose adjustments made based on clinical efficacy. Concurrent administration may increase estrogen elimination; the mechanism by which griseofulvin enhances estrogen elimination has not been fully elucidated.
Ritonavir: (Major) Ritonavir oral solution and capsules contain ethanol. Administration of ritonavir oral solution and capsules to patients receiving or who have recently received griseofulvin may result in disulfiram-like reactions (e.g., abdominal cramps, nausea/vomiting, headaches, and flushing). A disulfiram reaction would not be expected to occur with non-ethanol containing formulations of ritonavir (e.g., tablets or oral powder).
Rivaroxaban: (Minor) Coadministration of rivaroxaban and griseofulvin may result in decreased rivaroxaban exposure and may decrease the efficacy of rivaroxaban. Griseofulvin is an inducer of CYP3A4, and rivaroxaban is a substrate of CYP3A4. If these drugs are administered concurrently, monitor the patient for signs of lack of efficacy of rivaroxaban.
Saccharomyces boulardii: (Major) Because Saccharomyces boulardii is an active yeast, it would be expected to be inactivated by any antifungals. The manufacturer does not recommend taking in conjunction with any antifungal agents. Patients should avoid use of this probiotic yeast until the fungal or yeast infection is completely treated.
Salicylates: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of griseofulvin with salicylates may result in decreased salicylate serum concentrations. Caution and close monitoring for changes in the effectiveness of the salicylate are recommended.
Salsalate: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of griseofulvin with salicylates may result in decreased salicylate serum concentrations. Caution and close monitoring for changes in the effectiveness of the salicylate are recommended.
Secobarbital: (Minor) Barbiturates can impair the oral absorption of griseofulvin, resulting in decreased serum concentrations and, potentially, decreased antifungal efficacy. The clinical significance of this interaction is uncertain, but the manufacturer recommends that these drugs not be co-administered.
Segesterone Acetate; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Major) The concurrent use of griseofulvin and oral contraceptives can reduce contraceptive efficacy and result in an unintended pregnancy and/or breakthrough bleeding. This risk is particularly serious because griseofulvin is contraindicated during pregnancy due to the risk of teratogenic and abortifacient effects. An alternate or additional form of contraception should be used during concomitant treatment and continued for 1 month after griseofulvin discontinuation. If these drugs are used together, counsel the patient about the risk of pregnancy and teratogenic effects, and instruct the patient to notify the prescriber if they experience breakthrough bleeding while receiving these drugs together. Additionally, patients taking non-oral combination contraceptives or progestins for hormone replacement therapy may also experience reduced clinical efficacy. (Major) Women taking both estrogens and griseofulvin should report breakthrough bleeding to their prescribers. If used for contraception, an alternate or additional form of contraception should be considered in patients prescribed griseofulvin. Higher-dose hormonal regimens may be indicated where acceptable or applicable. The alternative or additional contraceptive agent may need to be continued for 1 month after discontinuation of griseofulvin. Patients taking these hormones for other indications may need to be monitored for reduced clinical effect while on griseofulvin, with dose adjustments made based on clinical efficacy. Concurrent administration may increase estrogen elimination; the mechanism by which griseofulvin enhances estrogen elimination has not been fully elucidated.
Sulfonylureas: (Moderate) Additive photosensitization may be seen with concurrent administration of sulfonylureas and other photosensitizing agents including griseofulvin. Prevention of photosensitivity includes adequate protection from sources of UV radiation (e.g., avoiding sun exposure and tanning booths) and the use of protective clothing and sunscreens on exposed skin.
Tazarotene: (Moderate) The manufacturer states that tazarotene should be administered with caution in patients who are also taking drugs known to be photosensitizers, such as griseofulvin, as concomitant use may augment phototoxicity. Patients should take care and use proper techniques to limit sunlight and UV exposure of treated areas.
Tretinoin, ATRA: (Moderate) Griseofulvin may increase the CYP450 metabolism of tretinoin, ATRA, potentially resulting in decreased plasma concentrations of tretinoin, ATRA. No specific studies have been done with oral tretinoin and griseofulvin, however, patients should be closely monitored for decreased clinical effects of tretinoin, ATRA while receiving concomitant therapy. Additionally, a manufacturer of topical tretinoin states that tretinoin, ATRA should be administered with caution in patients who are also taking drugs known to be photosensitizers, such as griseofulvin, as concomitant use may augment phototoxicity. Patients should take care and use proper techniques to limit sunlight and UV exposure of treated areas.
Ulipristal: (Major) Avoid administration of ulipristal with drugs that induce CYP3A4. Ulipristal is a substrate of CYP3A4 and griseofulvin is a CYP3A4 inducer. Concomitant use may decrease the plasma concentration and effectiveness of ulipristal.
Verteporfin: (Moderate) Use caution if coadministration of verteporfin with griseofulvin is necessary due to the risk of increased photosensitivity. Verteporfin is a light-activated drug used in photodynamic therapy; all patients treated with verteporfin will be photosensitive. Concomitant use of other photosensitizing agents like griseofulvin may increase the risk of a photosensitivity reaction.
Warfarin: (Major) The anticoagulant effect of warfarin can be decreased if griseofulvin is used concurrently. The griseofulvin-warfarin drug interaction is one of the most well-documented warfarin drug interactions. The mechanism of this interaction is unclear. It is commonly believed that griseofulvin enhances the hepatic metabolism of warfarin. The interaction between warfarin and griseofulvin may require up to 12 weeks to fully manifest and may be more significant with the ultramicrocrystalline formulation of griseofulvin. The international normalized ratio (INR) should be monitored closely if griseofulvin is either added to or discontinued from warfarin therapy.
Griseofulvin exerts its fungistatic activity primarily by disrupting the mitotic spindle structure of the fungal cell, which causes an arrest of metaphase of cell division. The result is similar to the effect colchicine has on mitosis, albeit by a different mechanism of action. Griseofulvin also may produce defective DNA that is unable to replicate. Griseofulvin is effective in the treatment of superficial dermatophyte infections because it is deposited in keratin precursor cells, creating an unfavorable environment for fungal infection. Infected skin, cells, and hair are then slowly replaced by tissue that is not infected by the dermatophyte. Griseofulvin also possesses a direct vasodilatory effect.
Griseofulvin is administered orally. Griseofulvin concentrates in the skin, hair, nails, fat, and skeletal muscles. It deposits in keratin precursor cells and is tightly bound to new keratin. Concentrations increase rapidly after the first dose and rapidly decrease to undetectable levels after discontinuation. Griseofulvin undergoes hepatic metabolism, mainly through oxidative demethylation and conjugation with glucuronic acid. The major metabolite, 6-desmethylgriseofulvin, is inactive. The half-life is 9-24 hours. Griseofulvin is excreted through the urine, feces, and perspiration.
Affected cytochrome P450 isoenzymes: CYP3A4
In vitro data suggest that griseofulvin may induce the CYP3A4 isoenzyme.
-Route-Specific Pharmacokinetics
Oral Route
Oral griseofulvin is absorbed mainly from the duodenum. Griseofulvin is marketed in several oral formulations in an attempt to increase bioavailability and decrease GI intolerance. Ultramicrosize griseofulvin has almost complete absorption, while microsize griseofulvin has a variable (25-70%) and unpredictable oral absorption. Peak serum concentrations of 0.4-2 mcg/ml are attained 4-8 hours after administration of 500 mg of microsize griseofulvin or 250 mg of ultramicrosize griseofulvin in fasting patients. Microsize griseofulvin absorption may be enhanced by concomitant intake of a high-fat meal, but results have been variable.
Topical Route
Griseofulvin does not penetrate the skin well enough to be administered topically.
-Special Populations
Pediatrics
Pediatric patients (ages 19 months to 11 years) who received 10 mg/kg doses of griseofulvin microsize concurrently with milk achieved drug exposures (AUC) that were 10-fold higher and mean peak serum concentrations that were 4-fold greater than those achieved after the same dose administered to fasting patients. In addition, administration of the drug with milk resulted in more consistently detected serum concentrations.