Emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is indicated for use as a complete regimen to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infections in antiretroviral-naive adults and pediatric patients who weigh at least 35 kg and have baseline HIV RNA concentrations of 100,000 copies/mL or lower. It is also approved for use as a replacement therapy in treatment-experienced adults who have been virologically-suppressed (i.e., HIV RNA less than 50 copies/mL) on a stable antiretroviral regimen for at least 6 months, have no history of treatment failure, and who are without known substitutions associated with resistance to any of the individual components. The drug is a combination antiretroviral medication containing two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) and one non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (rilpivirine).
Approval in antiretroviral treatment-naive patients was based on the results of two 96-week, Phase 3 trials (ECHO and THRIVE) during which adults were randomized to receive either rilpivirine or efavirenz in combination with emtricitabine and tenofovir. Pooled results from these trials showed plasma HIV RNA concentrations decreased to less than 50 copies/mL in 77% of patients in both treatment groups, with virologic failure occurring more frequently in patients receiving emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate than efavirenz; emtricitabine; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (14% vs. 8%). Additionally, the efficacy rate of emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate was lower in patients with high baseline HIV RNA concentrations (71% for more than 100,000 copies/mL) than in patients with lower baseline concentration (83% for 100,000 copies/mL or less) and in patients with CD4 counts less than 200 cells/mm3 (68%) compared to patients with CD4 counts 200 cells/mm3 or more (82%). Based on these results, health care providers are advised of the potential for treatment-emergent resistance and treatment failure in patients with baseline HIV RNA concentrations more than 100,000 copies/mL. Approval for use in the virologically-suppressed treatment-experienced population was based on results from one trial in which patients were either maintained on their baseline regimen for 24 weeks (n = 159) or switched to emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for 48 weeks (n = 317). This trial found the efficacy of both treatment regimens to be similar with 90% of patients who remained on their baseline regimen and 89% of patients who were switched to emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate maintaining HIV RNA concentration of below 50 copies/mL.
General Administration Information
For storage information, see the specific product information within the How Supplied section.
NOTE: Emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (DF) is a complete regimen. Do not administer with other antiretroviral medications.
Route-Specific Administration
Oral Administration
-Administer with food.
Depressive disorders (including depressed mood, dysphoria, major depression, mood alteration, negative thoughts, and suicide attempts) were reported by 9% of rilpivirine recipients during phase 3 adult clinical trials. The majority of these adverse events were mild to moderate in severity; however, 1% of rilpivirine-treated patients experienced severe depression resulting in discontinuation of therapy. Furthermore, suicidal ideation and suicidal attempts were reported in 4 patients (0.6%) and 2 patients (0.3%), respectively. In phase 2 pediatric clinical trials (n = 36; 12 to 17 years), depressive disorders were reported in 19.4% of rilpivirine recipients. The majority of these adverse events were mild to moderate in severity; however, 5.6% of rilpivirine-treated patients experienced severe depression; no patients required discontinuation of treatment. Suicidal ideation and suicidal attempt was reported in 1 patient. Health care providers are advised to counsel patients on the potential for severe depressive episodes during rilpivirine therapy. Instruct patients to seek immediate medical attention if depressive symptoms develop during treatment; treatment with emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (DF) may need to be discontinued. Other psychiatric adverse events reported during rilpivirine clinical trials include insomnia (2%), abnormal dreams or nightmares (1%), and anxiety (< 2%). Psychiatric adverse events reported during emtricitabine; tenofovir DF clinical trials included abnormal dreams or nightmares (>= 10%), anxiety (>= 5%), depression (>= 10%), and insomnia (>= 10%).
Gastrointestinal (GI) and digestive adverse events have occurred in patients receiving treatment with emtricitabine, rilpivirine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (DF). During clinical trials, recipients reported experiencing symptoms including nausea (1% to >= 10%), vomiting (< 2% to >= 5%), abdominal pain and discomfort (< 2% to >= 5%), diarrhea (< 2% to >= 10%), dyspepsia (>= 5%), cholecystitis (< 2%), cholelithiasis (< 2%), and decreased appetite or anorexia (< 2%). Decreased weight or weight loss has been noted in post-marketing reports with emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir DF. Cases of pancreatitis and abdominal pain were noted in tenofovir post-marketing reports. Due to the voluntary nature of post-marketing reports, neither a frequency nor a definitive causal relationship can be established.
In addition to psychiatric disorders, other neurologic adverse events reported by recipients of emtricitabine, rilpivirine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate during clinical trials included fatigue (< 2% to >= 10%), headache (2% to 19.4%), dizziness (1% to >= 10%), drowsiness (13.9% or less), paresthesias (>= 5%), peripheral neuropathy (>= 5%), and peripheral neuritis (>= 5%). Cases of asthenia have been noted in tenofovir post-marketing reports. Due to the voluntary nature of post-marketing reports, neither a frequency nor a definitive causal relationship can be established.
Emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate has been associated with the development of rash (unspecified). In most cases, rashes are minor (Grade 1 or 2) and develop within the first 4-6 weeks of therapy; however during clinical trials, more severe rashes (Grade >= 2) were reported in 1% of drug recipients. Symptoms that may accompany a severe rash include: fever, blisters, conjunctivitis, angioedema, dyspnea, hepatitis, and eosinophilia. Post-marketing use has been associated with the development hypersensitivity reactions, including drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS). Due to the voluntary nature of post-marketing reports, neither a frequency nor a definitive causal relationship can be established. Additionally, mild and asymptomatic skin discoloration, specifically skin hyperpigmentation of the palms and soles, have been observed in emtricitabine recipients. In clinical trials, skin hyperpigmentation was reported in 32% of pediatric patients receiving emtricitabine. The exact mechanism, incidence, and the clinical significance of this adverse reaction are unknown.
Although most commonly associated with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (DF), renal adverse events have occurred following treatment with emtricitabine, rilpivirine, and tenofovir DF. Elevated serum creatinine of 1.1-1.3 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) were observed in up to 6% of patients receiving emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir DF during clinical trials. The mean increases in creatinine concentrations of 0.1 mg/dL occurred within the first 4 weeks of treatment and remained stable throughout the 96 week study period. The changes did not lead to treatment discontinuation in any patient. Additionally, cases of glomerulonephritis membranous, glomerulonephritis mesangioproliferative, and nephrolithiasis were reported by < 2% of rilpivirine recipients during clinical trials. In other clinical trials, increased hematuria (> 75 RBC/HPF) and glycosuria (>= 3+) were observed in patients receiving emtricitabine in combination with tenofovir DF. Renal impairment and renal failure (unspecified), which may include hypophosphatemia, have been reported with the use of tenofovir DF. The majority of the reported cases occurred in patients with underlying systemic or renal disease, or in patients taking nephrotoxic agents. Obtain an estimated creatinine clearance in all patients prior to initiating therapy, and as indicated during therapy. Patients at risk for, or with a history of, renal dysfunction should have an estimated creatinine clearance, serum phosphorus, urine glucose, and urine protein assessed prior to and periodically during therapy. Emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir DF should be avoided in patients with renal insufficiencies (< 50 ml/minute) or in those with concurrent or recent use of nephrotoxic agents. Other adverse events reported during tenofovir post-marketing period include Fanconi syndrome, renal failure, renal insufficiency, proximal renal tubulopathy, proteinuria, increased creatinine, interstitial nephritis, polyuria, hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, nephrotic syndrome, and acute renal tubular necrosis. Persistent or worsening pain in the bone and extremities, fractures, and/or muscle pain/weakness may be manifestations of proximal renal tubulopathy; promptly evaluate renal function in patients experiencing these symptoms.
Elevated hepatic enzymes greater than 2.5-time the upper limit of normal (ULN) were observed in up to 4% of patients treated with emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (DF) during clinical trials. The percentage of patients to experience a Grade 2 (greater than 2.5- to 5-times ULN), Grade 3 (greater than 5- to 10-times ULN), and Grade 4 (greater than 10-times ULN) increase in AST were 3%, 2%, and less than 1%, respectively. Increases in ALT were experienced by 4% (Grade 2) and 1% (Grade 3 and 4) of patients. Of note, the incidence of hepatic enzyme elevation was higher in patients coinfected with hepatitis B or C virus than in those patients not coinfected. In other clinical trials, increases in alkaline phosphatase (greater than 550 units/L) were observed in patients receiving treatment with emtricitabine; tenofovir DF. Hyperbilirubinemia, defined as greater than 2.5-times ULN, was observed in less than 1% of patients receiving treatment with emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir DF during clinical trials. Less severe increases in total bilirubin were observed in 5% (1.1- to 1.5-times ULN) and 2% (1.6- to 2.4-times ULN) of recipients. During the postmarketing period of tenofovir DF, cases of hepatitis and elevated hepatic enzymes have been reported. Due to the voluntary nature of postmarketing reports, neither a frequency nor a definitive causal relationship can be established. Severe acute hepatitis B exacerbation (i.e., hepatic decompensation and hepatic failure) has been reported in HBV and HIV coinfected patients who discontinue treatment with emtricitabine and tenofovir. The safety and efficacy of emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir DF has not been established in patients coinfected with HBV and HIV. In coinfected patients who discontinue emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir DF, closely monitor hepatic function with both clinical and laboratory follow-up for at least several months. If appropriate, treatment for hepatitis B infection may be warranted. Prior to initiating antiretroviral therapy for the treatment of HIV, it is recommended that all patients be tested for the presence of chronic HBV.
Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases, have been reported with the combination antiretroviral therapy which included both nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Many of these cases have occurred in women, obese patients, and patients with prolonged nucleoside exposure. If a patient develops clinical or laboratory findings suggestive of lactic acidosis or hepatotoxicity while receiving emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, treatment should be discontinued.
During clinical trials, emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate recipients experienced hypercholesterolemia (up to 13%) and hypertriglyceridemia (up to 1%). More specifically, Grade 1 (200-239 mg/dL), Grade 2 (240-300 mg/dL), and Grade 3 (> 300 mg/dL) increases in total fasting cholesterol were experienced by 13%, 4%, and < 1% of patients, respectively. Increase in fasting triglycerides were experienced by 1% (500-750 mg/dL) and < 1% (751-1200 mg/dL) of patients.
Adrenocortical insufficiency has been associated with the use of rilpivirine, in combination with emtricitabine; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and other background regimens. In adult clinical trials, adrenocortical insufficiency was observed as a 0.69 mcg/dL decrease (95% CI: -1.12 to 0.27 mcg/dL) in basal cortisol concentrations from baseline at treatment week 96. In patients receiving rilpivirine, 7.3% developed an abnormal 250 micrograms ACTH stimulation test compared with 3.2% of patients receiving comparator (efavirenz). In pediatric clinical trials, there was an overall mean increase in cortisol of 1.59 mcg/dL (95% CI: 0.24 to 2.93 mcg/dL) compared from baseline in patients receiving rilpivirine. An abnormal 250 micrograms ACTH stimulation test developed in 20% of patients receiving rilpivirine. Despite the altered cortisol concentrations, no serious adverse events, deaths, or treatments discontinuations were attributed to adrenal insufficiency. The significance of the higher abnormal rate of 250 micrograms ACTH stimulation test in patients receiving rilpivirine is not known.
Laboratory abnormalities observed in patients receiving treatment with emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate during clinical trials included increased pancreatic amylase (> 2 times ULN), increased serum amylase or hyperamylasemia (> 175 units/L), increased lipase (> 3 times ULN), hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia (serum glucose < 40 and > 250, respectively), increased creatine kinase (males: > 990 units/L; females: > 845 units/L), and decreased neutrophils or neutropenia (< 750/mm3). Anemia has been observed in 7% of pediatric patients receiving emtricitabine in clinical trials.
During clinical trials, infections developed in at least 5% of patients receiving treatment with emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (DF). Specific infection sites included naso-pharyngitis, pneumonia, upper respiratory tract infection, and sinusitis. Symptoms reported in >= 5% of recipients and potentially associated with an infection included fever, increased cough, and rhinitis. Dyspnea has been noted in tenofovir DF post-marketing reports.
Musculoskeletal adverse events experienced by >= 5% of emtricitabine; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (DF) recipients during clinical trials included arthralgia, back pain, and myalgia. Post-marketing use of tenofovir DF has been associated with cases of rhabdomyolysis, osteoporosis, osteopenia, osteomalacia (manifested as bone pain), bone fractures, muscular weakness, and myopathy. In a study comparing tenofovir DF with stavudine (each given in combination with lamivudine and efavirenz) in treatment naive patients, decreases in bone mineral density (BMD) from baseline were seen at the lumbar spine and hip in both treatment groups. In both groups, the majority of the BMD reduction occurred in the first 24-48 weeks of the study, and the reduction was sustained through week 144. At week 48, percent decreases in BMD from baseline (mean +/- SD) were greater in patients receiving tenofovir DF (spine, -3.3% +/- 3.9 ; hip, -3.2% +/- 3.6) compared with patients receiving stavudine (spine, -2 +/- 3.5; hip, -1.8% +/- 3.3). At week 144, percent decrease in BMD from baseline at the lumbar spine (mean +/- SD) were significantly greater in patients receiving tenofovir DF (-2.2% +/- 3.9) compared with patients receiving stavudine (-1 +/- 4.6). At week 144, percent decrease in BMD from baseline at the hip (mean +/- SD) were similar in the two groups (tenofovir DF -2.8% +/- 3.5; stavudine -2.4% +/- 4.5). There was a higher proportion of patients who met a protocol defined value of BMD loss (5% decrease in spine or 7% decrease in hip) in the tenofovir DF group, 28%, compared to the stavudine group, 21%. In addition, there were significant increases in levels of biochemical markers of bone metabolism (serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, serum osteocalcin, serum C-telopeptide, and urinary N-telopeptide) in the tenofovir DF group relative to the stavudine group, suggesting increased bone turnover. Except for bone specific alkaline phosphatase, these changes resulted in values that remained within the normal range. At week 48, there was one bone fracture reported in the tenofovir DF group compared with four in the stavudine group. At week 144, clinically relevant bone fractures (excluding fingers and toes) were reported in 4 patients in the tenofovir DF group (1.3%) compared with 6 patients in the stavudine group (2%). These results increase the concern of developing osteopenia and osteoporosis; follow-up will continue to assess long-term impact. Assessment of BMD is recommended in patients with a history of bone fractures or other risk factors for osteoporosis or bone loss. The effect of supplementation with calcium and vitamin D was not studied, but such supplementation may be considered for HIV-associated osteopenia or osteoporosis. If bone abnormalities are suspected, appropriate consultation should be obtained.
Allergic reactions, including angioedema, have been noted during post-marketing use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Due to the voluntary nature of post-market reports, neither a frequency nor definitive causal relationship with tenofovir DF can be established.
During baseline evaluation of people with HIV, discuss risk reduction measures and the need for status disclosure to sexual or needle-sharing partners, especially with untreated patients who are still at high risk of HIV transmission. Include the importance of adherence to therapy to achieve and maintain a plasma HIV RNA less than 200 copies/mL. Maintaining a plasma HIV RNA less than 200 copies/mL, including any measurable value below this threshold, with antiretroviral therapy prevents sexual transmission of HIV to their partners. Patients may recognize this concept as Undetectable = Untransmittable or U=U. Instruct patients to achieve sustained viral suppression (i.e., 2 recorded measurements of plasma viral loads that are below the limits of detection and taken at least 3 months apart) before attempting to conceive a child in order to maximize their health, prevent HIV sexual transmission, and minimize the risk of HIV transmission to the infant once conception occurs. For partners with different HIV status when the person with HIV is on antiretroviral therapy and has achieved sustained viral suppression, sexual intercourse without a condom allows conception without sexual HIV transmission to the person without HIV. Expert consultation is recommended.
Unplanned antiretroviral therapy interruption may be necessary for specific situations, such as serious drug toxicity, intercurrent illness or surgery precluding oral intake (e.g., gastroenteritis or pancreatitis), severe hyperemesis gravidarum unresponsive to antiemetics, or drug non-availability. If short-term treatment interruption (i.e., less than 1 to 2 days) is necessary, in general, it is recommended that all antiretroviral agents be discontinued simultaneously, especially if the interruption occurs in a pregnant patient or is because of a serious toxicity. However, if a short-term treatment interruption is anticipated in the case of elective surgery, the pharmacokinetic properties and food requirements of specific drugs should be considered; as stopping all simultaneously in a regimen containing drugs with differing half-lives may result in functional monotherapy of the drug with the longest half-life and may increase the risk for resistant mutations. Healthcare providers are advised to reinitiate a complete and effective antiretroviral regimen as soon as possible after an interruption of therapy. Planned long-term treatment interruptions are not recommended due to the potential for HIV disease progression (i.e., declining CD4 counts, viral rebound, acute viral syndrome), development of minor HIV-associated manifestations or serious non-AIDS complications, development of drug resistance, increased risk of HIV transmission, and increased risk for opportunistic infections. If therapy must be discontinued, counsel patient on the potential risks and closely monitor for any clinical or laboratory abnormalities.
Lactic acidosis and hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases, have been reported following use of emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (DF), both alone and in combination with other antiretroviral medications. Treatment with emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir DF should be suspended in any patient who develops clinical or laboratory findings suggestive of hepatotoxicity or lactic acidosis, which may include hepatomegaly and steatosis even in the absence of marked elevated hepatic enzymes. Although these adverse events may occur in any drug recipient, some risk factors include hepatic disease (e.g., alcoholism), obesity, and prolonged nucleoside exposure. In addition, a majority of these cases have been in females; it is unknown if being pregnant augments the incidence of this syndrome in patients receiving nucleoside analogs. However, because being pregnant itself can mimic some of the early symptoms of the lactic acid and hepatic steatosis syndrome or be associated with other significant disorders of liver metabolism, clinicians need to be alert for early diagnosis of this syndrome. Pregnant women receiving nucleoside analogs should have LFTs and serum electrolytes assessed more frequently during the last trimester and any new symptoms should be evaluated thoroughly.
Emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is not indicated for the treatment of hepatitis infections. Individuals with HIV and hepatitis coinfection may be at increased risk for treatment-associated hepatotoxicities. Patients who present with HIV infection should be screened for hepatitis B virus (HBV) coinfection to assure appropriate treatment. Patients with hepatitis B and HIV coinfection should be started on a fully suppressive antiretroviral (ARV) regimen with activity against both viruses (regardless of CD4 counts and HBV DNA concentrations). HIV treatment guidelines recommend these patients receive an ARV regimen that contains a dual NRTI backbone of tenofovir alafenamide or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with either emtricitabine or lamivudine. If tenofovir cannot be used, entecavir should be used in combination with a fully suppressive ARV regimen (note: entecavir should not be considered part of the ARV regimen). Avoid using single-drug therapy to treat HBV (i.e., lamivudine, emtricitabine, tenofovir, or entecavir as the only active agent) as this may result in HIV resistant strains. Further, HBV treatment regimens that include adefovir or telbivudine should also be avoided, as these regimens are associated with a higher incidence of toxicities and increased rates of HBV treatment failure. Most patients with coinfection should continue treatment indefinitely with the goal of maximal HIV suppression and prevention of HBV relapse. Patients with coexisting HBV and HIV infections who discontinue emtricitabine or tenofovir may experience severe acute hepatitis B exacerbation with some cases resulting in hepatic decompensation and hepatic failure. Therefore, patients with HBV and HIV coinfection who discontinue emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate should have transaminase concentrations monitored every 6 weeks for the first 3 months, and every 3 to 6 months thereafter. If appropriate, resumption of anti-hepatitis B treatment may be required. For patients who refuse a fully suppressive ARV regimen, but still requires treatment for HBV, consider 48 weeks of peginterferon alfa; do not administer HIV-active medications in the absence of a fully suppressive ARV regimen. Instruct patients with coinfection to avoid consuming alcohol, and offer vaccinations against hepatitis A and hepatitis B as appropriate.
Emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (DF) therapy may be associated with mood or behavior changes. Patients receiving treatment with rilpivirine have experienced adverse reactions affecting the central nervous system (CNS), including depressed mood, depression, dysphoria, negative thoughts, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts. The majority of these psychiatric adverse events were mild to moderate in severity, with only 1% of patients requiring treatment discontinuation. Prior to initiating emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir DF therapy, inform patients of the potential for psychiatric adverse events. Additionally, instruct patients to seek immediate medical evaluation if severe depressive symptoms, or other unusual moods or behaviors, develop during therapy.
HIV treatment guidelines recommend all patients presenting with HIV infection undergo routine screening for hepatitis C virus (HCV). For HCV seronegative individuals who are at continued high risk of acquiring hepatitis C, specifically men who have sex with men (MSM) or persons who inject drugs, additional HCV screening is recommended annually or as indicated by clinical presentation (e.g., unexplained ALT elevation), risk activities, or exposure. Similarly, the AASLD/IDSA HCV guidelines and the CDC preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) guidelines recommend HCV serologic testing at baseline and every 12 months for MSM, transgender women, and persons who inject drugs. Use an FDA-approved immunoassay licensed for detection of HCV antibodies (anti-HCV); in settings where acute HCV infection is suspected or in persons with known prior infection that cleared spontaneously or after treatment, use of nucleic acid testing for HCV RNA is recommended. If hepatitis C and HIV coinfection is identified, consider treating both viral infections concurrently. It is recommended to use a fully suppressive antiretroviral therapy and an HCV regimen in all patients with coinfection regardless of CD4 count, as lower CD4 counts do not appear to compromise the efficacy of HCV treatment. In most patients, a simplified pangenotypic HCV regimen (i.e., glecaprevir; pibrentasvir or sofosbuvir; velpatasvir) may be an appropriate choice; however, these regimens are NOT recommended for use in persons with HCV and HIV coinfection who: are treatment-experienced with HCV relapse (reinfection after successful therapy is not an exclusion); have decompensated cirrhosis; on a tenofovir disoproxil fumarate containing regimen with eGFR less than 60 mL/minute; on efavirenz, etravirine, nevirapine, or boosted protease inhibitor; have untreated chronic hepatitis B; are pregnant. Patients with HCV and HIV coinfection who meet these exclusion criteria should be treated for HCV following standard approaches as described in the AASLD/IDSA HCV guidelines. Treatment of HCV infection in children younger than 3 years is not usually recommended; however, treatment should be considered for all children 3 years and older with HCV and HIV coinfection who have no contraindications to treatment. Instruct patients with coinfection to avoid consuming alcohol, limit ingestion of potentially hepatotoxic medications, avoid iron supplementation in the absence of documented iron deficiency, and receive vaccinations against hepatitis A and hepatitis B as appropriate.
Both emtricitabine and tenofovir are eliminated by the kidney; therefore use of emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (DF) in patients with creatinine clearance less than 50 mL/minute is not recommended. Renal impairment, including acute renal failure and Fanconi syndrome (renal tubular injury with severe hypophosphatemia), has been associated with the administration of tenofovir DF. The manufacturer recommends that serum creatinine, estimated creatinine clearance, urine glucose, and urine protein be assessed in all patients prior to treatment, and as indicated during treatment. Further, monitoring of serum phosphate concentrations is advised for patients with chronic renal disease. Closely evaluate the renal function of patients who experience persistent or worsening bone pain, pain in extremities, bone fractures, and muscle pain/weakness during treatment as these may be manifestations of proximal renal tubulopathy. Avoid concurrent use with or recently after a nephrotoxic agent, including high-dose or multiple non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), as cases of acute renal failure requiring hospitalization and renal replacement therapy have been reported.
Testing for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection resistance is recommended in all antiretroviral treatment-naive patients at the time of HIV diagnosis, regardless of whether treatment will be initiated. Additionally, perform resistance testing prior to initiating or changing any HIV treatment regimen. Transmission of drug-resistant HIV strains has been both well documented and associated with suboptimal virologic response to initial antiretroviral therapy. The prevalence of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) in high-income countries ranges from 9% to 14% and varies by country. In most TDR surveys, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) resistance and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) resistance are the most common mutation class types detected, followed by protease inhibitor (PI) and integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) resistance mutations, respectively. Resistance testing at baseline can help optimize treatment and, thus, virologic response. In the absence of therapy, resistant viruses may decline over time to less than the detection limit of standard resistance tests, but may still increase the risk of treatment failure when therapy is eventually initiated. Thus, if therapy is deferred, resistance testing should still be performed during acute HIV infection with the genotypic resistance test result kept in the patient's medical record until it becomes clinically useful. Additionally, because of the possibility of acquisition of another drug-resistant virus before treatment initiation, repeat resistance testing at the time therapy is initiated would be prudent. Resistance to the rilpivirine component of emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate has been associated with virologic failure. In clinical studies, 44% of rilpivirine virologic failures had genotypic and phenotypic resistance to rilpivirine. Patients who develop rilpivirine resistance and experience treatment failure often have cross-resistance to other non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (efavirenz, etravirine, nevirapine). Cross-resistance has not been demonstrated between rilpivirine and emtricitabine or tenofovir.
Immune reconstitution syndrome has been reported in patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy. During the initial phase of HIV treatment, patients whose immune system responds to emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate therapy may develop an inflammatory response to indolent or residual opportunistic infections (such as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Pneumocystis pneumonia, or tuberculosis (TB)), which may necessitate further evaluation and treatment. In addition, autoimmune disease (including Graves' disease, Guillain-Barre syndrome, polymyositis, and autoimmune hepatitis) may also develop; the time to onset is variable and may occur months after treatment initiation.
Bone mineral density (BMD) monitoring should be considered for patients with HIV who have a history of pathologic bone fracture or are at substantial risk for osteopenia, osteoporosis, or osteomalacia; osteomalacia has been reported in association with the tenofovir component of emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. In clinical studies, tenofovir was associated with greater decreases in BMD and increases in biochemical markers of bone metabolism than comparators. In pediatric patients, bone effects have been similar to those seen in adults suggesting increased bone turnover. The clinical significance of the changes in BMD and biochemical markers are unknown. Although the effect of supplementation with calcium and vitamin D was not studied, such supplementation may be considered for all patients. If bone abnormalities are suspected, appropriate consultation should be obtained.
Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75-300 mg/day) administered to healthy subjects has resulted in prolongation of the QT interval. Health care providers are advised to use caution when co-administering emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with medications that have the potential to cause QT prolongation and torsade de pointes, or those that have the potential to reduce the elimination of rilpivirine.
Fat redistribution and hyperlipidemia have become increasingly recognized side effects of antiretroviral agents. According to CDC guidelines, patients with hypertriglyceridemia or hypercholesterolemia should be evaluated for risks for cardiovascular events and pancreatitis. If a patient develops hyperlipidemia during antiretroviral treatment, possible interventions include dietary modification, use of lipid lowering agents, or modification of treatment regimen. Monitoring of serum cholesterol and triglycerides is recommended during emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate therapy.
Antiretroviral therapy should be provided to all patients during pregnancy, regardless of HIV RNA concentrations or CD4 cell count. Using highly active antiretroviral combination therapy (HAART) to maximally suppress viral replication is the most effective strategy to prevent the development of resistance and to minimize the risk of perinatal transmission. Begin HAART as soon as pregnancy is recognized, or HIV is diagnosed. HIV guidelines recommend emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate as an alternative treatment option for use during pregnancy. However, because pharmacokinetic data show decreased rilpivirine exposures during the second and third trimesters, close monitoring of viral loads is recommended during pregnancy (i.e., every 1 to 2 months). Available data from the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry (APR), which includes first trimester exposures to emtricitabine (4,567 exposures), rilpivirine (668 exposures), and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (4,840 exposures), have shown no difference in the risk of overall major birth defects when compared to the 2.7% background rate among pregnant women in the US. When exposure occurred in the first trimester, the prevalence of defects was 2.9% (95% CI: 2.5 to 3.5) for emtricitabine, 2.1% (95% CI: 1.2 to 3.5) for rilpivirine, and 2.6% (95% CI: 2.2 to 3.1) for tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are known to induce mitochondrial dysfunction. An association of mitochondrial dysfunction in infants and in utero antiretroviral exposure has been suggested, but not established. While the development of severe or fatal mitochondrial disease in exposed infants appears to be extremely rare, more intensive monitoring of hematologic and electrolyte parameters during the first few weeks of life is advised. Nucleoside analogs have been associated with the development of lactic acidosis, especially during pregnancy. It is unclear if pregnancy augments the incidence of lactic acidosis/hepatic steatosis in patients receiving nucleoside analogs. However, because pregnancy can mimic some early symptoms of the lactic acid/hepatic steatosis syndrome or be associated with other significant disorders of liver metabolism, clinicians need to be alert for early diagnosis of this syndrome. Pregnant patients receiving nucleoside analogs should have LFTs and serum electrolytes assessed more frequently during the last trimester, and any new symptoms should be evaluated thoroughly. Regular laboratory monitoring is recommended to determine antiretroviral efficacy. Monitor CD4 counts at the initial visit. Patients who have been on HAART for at least 2 years and have consistent viral suppression and CD4 counts consistently greater than or equal to 300 cells/mm3 do not need CD4 counts monitored after the initial visit during the pregnancy. However, CD4 counts should be monitored every 3 months during pregnancy for patients on HAART less than 2 years and have CD4 counts less than 300 cells/mm3, patients with inconsistent adherence, or patients with detectable viral loads. For patients on HAART less than 2 years but have CD4 counts greater than or equal to 300 cells/mm3, monitor CD4 counts every 6 months. Monitor plasma HIV RNA at the initial visit (with review of prior levels), 2 to 4 weeks after initiating or changing therapy, monthly until undetectable, and then at least every 3 months during pregnancy. Viral load should also be assessed at approximately 36 weeks gestation, or within 4 weeks of planned delivery, to inform decisions regarding mode of delivery and optimal treatment for newborns. Patients whose HIV RNA levels are above the threshold for resistance testing (usually greater than 500 copies/mL but may be possible for levels greater than 200 copies/mL in some laboratories) should undergo antiretroviral resistance testing (genotypic testing, and if indicated, phenotypic testing). Resistance testing should be conducted before starting therapy in treatment-naive patients who have not been previously tested, starting therapy in treatment-experienced patients (including those who have received pre-exposure prophylaxis), modifying therapy in patients who become pregnant while receiving treatment, or modifying therapy in patients who have suboptimal virologic response to treatment that was started during pregnancy. DO NOT delay initiation of antiretroviral therapy while waiting on the results of resistance testing; treatment regimens can be modified, if necessary, once the testing results are known. First trimester ultrasound is recommended to confirm gestational age and provide an accurate estimation of gestational age at delivery. A second trimester ultrasound can be used for both anatomical survey and determination of gestational age in those patients not seen until later in gestation. Perform standard glucose screening in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy at 24 to 28 weeks gestation, although it should be noted that some experts would perform earlier screening with ongoing chronic protease inhibitor-based therapy initiated prior to pregnancy, similar to recommendations for patients with high-risk factors for glucose intolerance. Liver function testing is recommended within 2 to 4 weeks after initiating or changing antiretroviral therapy, and approximately every 3 months thereafter during pregnancy (or as needed). All pregnant patients should be counseled about the importance of adherence to their antiretroviral regimen to reduce the potential for the development of resistance and perinatal transmission. It is strongly recommended that antiretroviral therapy, once initiated, not be discontinued. If a patient decides to discontinue therapy, a consultation with an HIV specialist is recommended. There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors outcomes in pregnant patients exposed to emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; information about the registry can be obtained at www.apregistry.com or by calling 1-800-258-4263; fax 1-800-800-1052.
Safety and efficacy of emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate have not been established in pediatric patients (i.e., neonates, infants, children, and adolescents) weighing less than 35 kg.
HIV treatment guidelines recommend clinicians provide mothers with evidence-based, patient-centered counseling to support shared decision-making regarding infant feeding. Inform patients that use of replacement feeding (i.e., formula or banked pasteurized donor human milk) eliminates the risk of HIV transmission. Advise patients who receive a diagnosis of HIV infection while breast-feeding (acute HIV) to immediately discontinue breast-feeding and switch to replacement feeding in order to reduce the risk of postnatal HIV transmission to the infant. Replacement feeding is also recommended for use when mothers with HIV are not on antiretroviral therapy (ART) or do not have suppressed viral load during pregnancy, as well as at delivery. For patients on ART who have achieved and maintained viral suppression during pregnancy (at minimum throughout the third trimester) and postpartum, the transmission risk from breast-feeding is less than 1%, but not zero. Virologically suppressed mothers who choose to breast-feed should be supported in this decision. If breast-feeding is chosen, counsel the patient about the importance of adherence to therapy and recommend that the infant be exclusively breast-fed for up to 6 months of age, as exclusive breast-feeding has been associated with a lower rate of HIV transmission as compared to mixed feeding (i.e., breast milk and formula). Promptly identify and treat mastitis, thrush, and cracked or bleeding nipples, as these conditions may increase the risk of HIV transmission through breast-feeding. Breast-fed infants should undergo immediate diagnostic and virologic HIV testing. Testing should continue throughout breast-feeding and up to 6 months after cessation of breast-feeding. For expert consultation, healthcare workers may contact the Perinatal HIV Hotline (888-448-8765). There is limited experience using rilpivirine during breast-feeding and excretion into breast milk is unknown. Limited data suggest small amounts of emtricitabine and tenofovir are excreted into breast milk. One study estimated the exposure to emtricitabine in exclusively breast-fed infants at approximately 2% of the recommended infant dose. In this same study, tenofovir exposure in exclusively breast-fed infants was found to be equivalent to approximately 4.2 micrograms per day. Other antiretroviral medications whose passage into human breast milk have been evaluated include nevirapine, zidovudine, lamivudine, and nelfinavir.
Patients receiving emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate may be at increased risk of developing a serious rash. According to the manufacturer, severe skin and hypersensitivity reactions, including Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS), have been reported during post-marketing use of rilpivirine-containing regimens. In some cases these skin reactions were accompanied by constitutional findings (i.e., fever) or organ dysfunction (i.e., elevated hepatic enzymes). Health care providers are advised to closely monitor the patients clinical status (including laboratory parameters) during treatment. Immediately discontinue rilpivirine-containing regimens and initiate appropriate therapy in any patient who develops signs of severe skin reactions, such as severe rash or rash accompanied by fever, blisters, mucosal involvement, conjunctivitis, facial edema, angioedema, hepatitis, or eosinophilia.
HIV guidelines recommend consideration be given to avoiding use of rilpivirine-containing regimens in patients with pre-existing psychiatric illnesses or prolongation of the QTc interval.
NOTE: HIV guidelines recommend consideration be given to avoiding use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-containing regimens in patients with renal disease and osteoporosis.
Initiation of therapy for HIV treatment:
-For adults, initiation of treatment immediately (or as soon as possible) after HIV diagnosis is recommended in all patients to reduce the risk of disease progression and to prevent the transmission of HIV, including perinatal transmission and transmission to sexual partners. Starting antiretroviral therapy early is particularly important for patients with AIDS-defining conditions, those with acute or recent HIV infection, and individuals who are pregnant; delaying therapy in these subpopulations has been associated with high risks of morbidity, mortality, and HIV transmission.
-Prior to initiating treatment, obtain baseline plasma HIV RNA (viral load) and CD4 count; results do not need to be available before starting therapy.
-Antiretroviral drug-resistance testing:-Genotypic drug-resistance testing is recommended prior to initiation of therapy in all antiretroviral treatment-naive patients and prior to changing therapy for treatment failure.
--Standard genotypic drug-resistance testing in treatment-naive people should focus on testing for mutations in reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease (PR) genes.
-Testing for mutations in the integrase gene should also be performed if integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) resistance is a concern (e.g., people who acquire HIV after pre-exposure prophylaxis with long-acting cabotegravir).
-Phenotypic resistance testing may be used in conjunction with the genotypic test for patients with known or suspected complex drug-resistance mutation patterns.
-HIV-1 proviral DNA resistance testing is available for use in patients with HIV RNA concentrations below the limits of detection or with low-level viremia (i.e., less than 1,000 copies/mL), where genotypic testing is unlikely to be successful; however, the clinical utility of this assay has not been fully determined.
-It is not necessary to delay treatment until resistance test results are available; however, subsequent modifications to the treatment regimen should be made, if needed, once the test results are available.
-Pediatric guidelines are also available.
Place in therapy for HIV treatment:
-In certain clinical situations, emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a preferred initial HIV-1 treatment regimen for some non-pregnant adults and adolescents who have pre-treatment HIV RNA less than 100,000 copies/mL and CD4 counts greater than 200 cells/mm3.
-Emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is an alternative HIV-1 treatment regimen for pregnant women who have pre-treatment HIV RNA less than 100,000 copies/mL and CD4 counts greater than 200 cells/mm3. Due to the potential for central nervous system (CNS) related toxicities, screening for antenatal and postpartum depression is recommended.
-Pediatric guidelines are also available.
Per the manufacturer, this drug has been shown to be active against most strains of the following microorganisms either in vitro and/or in clinical infections: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
NOTE: The safety and effectiveness in treating clinical infections due to organisms with in vitro data only have not been established in adequate and well-controlled clinical trials.
For the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in antiretroviral treatment-naive patients with HIV RNA concentrations 100,000 copies/mL or less at treatment initiation and certain virologically-stable (HIV RNA less than 50 copies/mL) treatment-experienced patients:
NOTE: Prior to initiating therapy, health care providers are advised to consider the following findings from clinical trials: virologic failures occurred more frequently in patients with baseline HIV RNA concentrations more than 100,000 copies/mL than in patients with concentrations 100,000 copies/mL or less; patients with CD4 counts less than 200 cells/mm3 experienced more virologic failures than those with counts 200 cells/mm3 or more (regardless of HIV RNA concentrations); virologic failures associated with resistance and cross-resistance to the NNRTI class occurred more frequently in rilpivirine-treated patients than efavirenz-treated patients; a higher rate of tenofovir and lamivudine/emtricitabine resistance developed in rilpivirine-treated patients than in efavirenz-treated patients.
NOTE: Treatment-experienced patients should meet the following criteria: have displayed consistent viral suppression (HIV-1 RNA less than 50 copies/mL) for at least 6 months prior to switching; no history of virologic failure; no current or past history of resistance to emtricitabine, rilpivirine, or tenofovir. To assess potential virologic failure or rebound, additional HIV-1 RNA monitoring is recommended for these patients.
NOTE: Not indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection; safety and efficacy have not been established in patients with HBV and HIV coinfection.
Oral dosage:
Adults weighing 35 kg or more: 1 tablet (200 mg emtricitabine; 25 mg rilpivirine; 300 mg tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) PO once daily with food. During coadministration with rifabutin, the rilpivirine dose needs to be increased to 50 mg daily; therefore, an ADDITIONAL 25 mg/day of rilpivirine should be given with a meal. Not to be administered with other antiretroviral medications, as drug constitutes a complete treatment regimen.
Children and Adolescents weighing 35 kg or more: 1 tablet (200 mg emtricitabine; 25 mg rilpivirine; 300 mg tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) PO once daily with food. During coadministration with rifabutin, the rilpivirine dose needs to be increased to 50 mg daily; therefore, an ADDITIONAL 25 mg/day of rilpivirine should be given with a meal. Not to be administered with other antiretroviral medications, as drug constitutes a complete treatment regimen.
For human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prophylaxis* after occupational exposure to HIV:
Oral dosage:
Adults: 1 tablet (200 mg emtricitabine; 25 mg rilpivirine; 300 mg tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) PO once daily for 28 days is suggested as an alternative regimen for HIV post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) by the US Public Health Service guidelines. However, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute (NYSDOH AI), data on use of rilpivirine containing regimens for PEP are lacking. The WHO and NYSDOH AI recommend use of emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir only after consultation with a clinician experienced in the management of PEP. Begin prophylaxis as soon as possible, ideally within 2 hours of exposure. If initiation of prophylaxis is delayed (beyond 36 hours or 72 hours after exposure), efficacy of the antiretroviral regimen may be diminished and treatment should be determined on a case-by-case basis. Exposures for which PEP is indicated include: skin puncture by a sharp object that has been contaminated with blood, body fluid, or other infectious material; bite from a patient with visible bleeding in the mouth which causes bleeding by the exposed worker; splash of blood, body fluid, or other infectious material onto the workers mouth, nose, or eyes; exposure of blood, body fluid, or other infectious material on a workers non-intact skin (i.e., open wound, chapped skin, abrasion, dermatitis).
Maximum Dosage Limits:
-Adults
1 tablet/day PO (each tablet containing emtricitabine 200 mg; rilpivirine 25 mg; tenofovir DF 300 mg).
-Geriatric
1 tablet/day PO (each tablet containing emtricitabine 200 mg; rilpivirine 25 mg; tenofovir DF 300 mg).
-Adolescents
weighing 35 kg or more: 1 tablet/day PO (each tablet containing emtricitabine 200 mg; rilpivirine 25 mg; tenofovir DF 300 mg).
weighing less than 35 kg: Safety and efficacy have not been established.
-Children
weighing 35 kg or more: 1 tablet/day PO (each tablet containing emtricitabine 200 mg; rilpivirine 25 mg; tenofovir DF 300 mg).
weighing less than 35 kg: Safety and efficacy have not been established.
-Infants
Safety and efficacy have not been established.
-Neonates
Safety and efficacy have not been established.
Patients with Hepatic Impairment Dosing
Dosage adjustments are not required for mild to moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class A and B); safety and efficacy of this fixed-dose combination treatment have not been established in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class C).
Patients with Renal Impairment Dosing
CrCl >= 50 mL/min: No dosage adjustment is needed.
CrCl < 50 mL/min: Not recommended.
*non-FDA-approved indication
Abacavir; Dolutegravir; Lamivudine: (Major) Do not coadminister lamivudine, 3TC-containing products and emtricitabine-containing products due to similarities between emtricitabine and lamivudine.
Abacavir; Lamivudine, 3TC: (Major) Do not coadminister lamivudine, 3TC-containing products and emtricitabine-containing products due to similarities between emtricitabine and lamivudine.
Abacavir; Lamivudine, 3TC; Zidovudine, ZDV: (Major) Do not coadminister lamivudine, 3TC-containing products and emtricitabine-containing products due to similarities between emtricitabine and lamivudine.
Abrocitinib: (Moderate) Coadministration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with abrocitinib may result in increased plasma concentrations of tenofovir, leading to an increase in tenofovir-related adverse effects. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a P-gp substrate and abrocitinib is a P-gp inhibitor.
Acalabrutinib: (Moderate) Coadministration of acalabrutinib and tenofovir disoproxil fumerate may increase may increase the absorption and plasma concentration of tenofovir disoproxil fumerate. Monitor patients for tenofovir-related adverse reactions and discontinue use in patients who experience an adverse reaction. Acalabrutinib is an inhibitor of the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) transporter in vitro; it may inhibit intestinal BCRP. Tenofovir disoproxil fumerate is a BCRP substrate.
Acetaminophen; Aspirin, ASA; Caffeine: (Major) Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents, like salicylates should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Acetaminophen; Aspirin: (Major) Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents, like salicylates should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Acetaminophen; Aspirin; Diphenhydramine: (Major) Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents, like salicylates should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Acetaminophen; Ibuprofen: (Moderate) Avoid administering tenofovir, PMPA concurrently with or recently after a nephrotoxic agent, such as high-dose or multiple nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Cases of acute renal failure, some requiring hospitalization and renal replacement therapy, have been reported after high-dose or multiple NSAIDs were initiated in patients who appeared stable on tenofovir. Consider alternatives to NSAIDs in patients at risk for renal dysfunction. If these drugs must be coadministered, carefully monitor the estimated creatinine creatinine, serum phosphorus, urine glucose, and urine protein prior to, and periodically during, treatment. (Moderate) Monitor for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) or emtricitabine-related adverse events during concomitant use. Concomitant use may increase NSAID or emtricitabine concentrations. Coadministration of drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion, such as NSAIDs and emtricitabine, may increase the risk of adverse reactions.
Acyclovir: (Moderate) Monitor for acyclovir or emtricitabine-related adverse events during concomitant use. Concomitant use may increase acyclovir or emtricitabine concentrations. Coadministration of drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion, such as acyclovir and emtricitabine, may increase the risk of adverse reactions. (Moderate) Monitor for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus if tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is administered in combination with nephrotoxic agents, such as acyclovir. Tenofovir is primarily excreted via the kidneys by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. Concurrent administration with drugs that decrease renal function may increase concentrations of tenofovir. In addition, use with drugs that are also eliminated by active tubular secretion may increase concentrations of the co-administered drug. Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; a majority of the cases occurred in patients who had underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Tenofovir containing products should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus, and urine glucose and protein.
Adagrasib: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of adagrasib and rilpivirine due to the potential for increased rilpivirine exposure and additive risk for QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). If use is necessary, monitor for rilpivirine-related adverse effects and consider taking additional steps to minimize the risk for QT prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring. Rilpivirine is a CYP3A substrate and adagrasib is a strong CYP3A inhibitor. Both medications have been associated with QT interval prolongation, however, the degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose. (Moderate) Coadministration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with adagrasib may result in increased plasma concentrations of tenofovir, leading to an increase in tenofovir-related adverse effects. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a P-gp substrate and adagrasib is a P-gp inhibitor.
Adefovir: (Major) Avoid coadministration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with adefovir. Both tenofovir and adefovir are primarily excreted via the kidneys by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. Concurrent administration may increase concentrations of both drugs resulting in additive nephrotoxicity. Additionally, in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B, tenofovir should not be administered in combination with adefovir to avoid multi-drug resistance. If coadministration is necessary, patients should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus, and urine glucose and protein. (Major) Patients who are concurrently taking adefovir (a nucleotide analog) with antiretrovirals (i.e., anti-retroviral non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)) are at risk of developing lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis. Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases, have been reported with the use of nucleoside analogs alone or in combination with antiretrovirals. A majority of these cases have been in women; obesity and prolonged nucleoside exposure may also be risk factors. Particular caution should be exercised when administering nucleoside analogs to any patient with known risk factors for hepatic disease; however, cases have also been reported in patients with no known risk factors. Suspend adefovir in any patient who develops clinical or laboratory findings suggestive of lactic acidosis or pronounced hepatotoxicity (which may include hepatomegaly and steatosis even in the absence of marked transaminase elevations). (Moderate) Patients who are concurrently taking adefovir with emtricitabine are at risk of developing lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis. Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases, have been reported with the use of nucleoside analogs alone or in combination with antiretrovirals. A majority of these cases have been in women; obesity and prolonged nucleoside exposure may also be risk factors. Particular caution should be exercised when administering nucleoside analogs to any patient with known risk factors for hepatic disease; however, cases have also been reported in patients with no known risk factors. Suspend adefovir in any patient who develops clinical or laboratory findings suggestive of lactic acidosis or pronounced hepatotoxicity (which may include hepatomegaly and steatosis even in the absence of marked transaminase elevations).
Aldesleukin, IL-2: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of tenofovir disoproxil and aldesleukin; coadministration may result in additive nephrotoxicity. Monitor for renal toxicity if concomitant use is required.
Alfuzosin: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with alfuzosin. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation and alfuzosin may also prolong the QT interval in a dose-dependent manner.
Aluminum Hydroxide: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of rilpivirine and antacids may significantly decrease rilpivirine plasma concentrations, potentially resulting in treatment failure. To decrease the risk of virologic failure, avoid use of antacids for at least 2 hours before and at least 4 hours after administering rilpivirine.
Aluminum Hydroxide; Magnesium Carbonate: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of rilpivirine and antacids may significantly decrease rilpivirine plasma concentrations, potentially resulting in treatment failure. To decrease the risk of virologic failure, avoid use of antacids for at least 2 hours before and at least 4 hours after administering rilpivirine.
Aluminum Hydroxide; Magnesium Hydroxide: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of rilpivirine and antacids may significantly decrease rilpivirine plasma concentrations, potentially resulting in treatment failure. To decrease the risk of virologic failure, avoid use of antacids for at least 2 hours before and at least 4 hours after administering rilpivirine.
Aluminum Hydroxide; Magnesium Hydroxide; Simethicone: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of rilpivirine and antacids may significantly decrease rilpivirine plasma concentrations, potentially resulting in treatment failure. To decrease the risk of virologic failure, avoid use of antacids for at least 2 hours before and at least 4 hours after administering rilpivirine.
Aluminum Hydroxide; Magnesium Trisilicate: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of rilpivirine and antacids may significantly decrease rilpivirine plasma concentrations, potentially resulting in treatment failure. To decrease the risk of virologic failure, avoid use of antacids for at least 2 hours before and at least 4 hours after administering rilpivirine.
Amikacin: (Moderate) Monitor for changes in serum creatinine and adverse reactions, such as lactic acidosis or hepatotoxicity if emtricitabine is administered in combination with nephrotoxic agents, such as aminoglycosides. Consider the potential for drug interaction prior to and during concurrent use of these medications. Both emtricitabine and aminoglycosides are excreted via the kidneys by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. While no drug interactions due to competition for renal excretion have been observed, coadministration of these medications may increase concentrations of both drugs. (Moderate) Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Aminoglycosides: (Moderate) Monitor for changes in serum creatinine and adverse reactions, such as lactic acidosis or hepatotoxicity if emtricitabine is administered in combination with nephrotoxic agents, such as aminoglycosides. Consider the potential for drug interaction prior to and during concurrent use of these medications. Both emtricitabine and aminoglycosides are excreted via the kidneys by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. While no drug interactions due to competition for renal excretion have been observed, coadministration of these medications may increase concentrations of both drugs. (Moderate) Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Aminosalicylate sodium, Aminosalicylic acid: (Major) Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents, like salicylates should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Amiodarone: (Major) Concomitant use of amiodarone and rilpivirine increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose. Due to the extremely long half-life of amiodarone, a drug interaction is possible for days to weeks after drug discontinuation. (Moderate) Coadministration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with amiodarone may result in increased plasma concentrations of tenofovir, leading to an increase in tenofovir-related adverse effects. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a P-gp substrate and amiodarone is a P-gp inhibitor.
Amisulpride: (Major) Monitor ECGs for QT prolongation when amisulpride is administered with rilpivirine. Amisulpride causes dose- and concentration- dependent QT prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation; caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with other drugs that may prolong the QT or PR interval.
Amlodipine; Celecoxib: (Moderate) Avoid administering tenofovir, PMPA concurrently with or recently after a nephrotoxic agent, such as high-dose or multiple nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Cases of acute renal failure, some requiring hospitalization and renal replacement therapy, have been reported after high-dose or multiple NSAIDs were initiated in patients who appeared stable on tenofovir. Consider alternatives to NSAIDs in patients at risk for renal dysfunction. If these drugs must be coadministered, carefully monitor the estimated creatinine creatinine, serum phosphorus, urine glucose, and urine protein prior to, and periodically during, treatment. (Moderate) Monitor for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) or emtricitabine-related adverse events during concomitant use. Concomitant use may increase NSAID or emtricitabine concentrations. Coadministration of drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion, such as NSAIDs and emtricitabine, may increase the risk of adverse reactions.
Amobarbital: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering barbiturates with rilpivirine due to the potential for rilpivirine treatment failure. Although this interaction has not been studied, predictions can be made based on metabolic pathways. Barbiturates are inducers of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in decreased rilpivirine serum concentrations and impaired virologic response.
Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin; Omeprazole: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of proton pump inhibitors and rilpivirine is contraindicated; when these drugs are coadministered, there is a potential for treatment failure and/or the development of rilpivirine or NNRTI resistance. Proton pump inhibitors inhibit secretion of gastric acid by proton pumps thereby increasing the gastric pH; for optimal absorption, rilpivirine requires an acidic environment. Coadministration of a proton pump inhibitor and rilpivirine may result in decreased rilpivirine absorption/serum concentrations, which could cause impaired virologic response to rilpivirine. (Major) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering clarithromycin with rilpivirine due to an increased potential for rilpivirine-related adverse events. When possible, alternative antibiotics should be considered. Predictions about the interaction can be made based on metabolic pathways. Clarithromycin is an inhibitor of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in increased rilpivirine plasma concentrations. Also, supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation; caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with other drugs that may prolong the QT or PR interval, such as clarithromycin. (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering tenofovir, PMPA, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, concurrently with inhibitors of P-gp, such as clarithromycin. Coadministration may result in increased absorption of tenofovir. Monitor for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions.
Amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC): (Minor) Additive nephrotoxicity can also occur if amphotericin B is given concomitantly with tenofovir. Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Amphotericin B liposomal (LAmB): (Minor) Additive nephrotoxicity can also occur if amphotericin B is given concomitantly with tenofovir. Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Amphotericin B: (Minor) Additive nephrotoxicity can also occur if amphotericin B is given concomitantly with tenofovir. Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Anagrelide: (Major) Torsades de pointes (TdP) and ventricular tachycardia have been reported during post-marketing use of anagrelide. A cardiovascular examination, including an ECG, should be obtained in all patients prior to initiating anagrelide therapy. Monitor patients during anagrelide therapy for cardiovascular effects and evaluate as necessary. Drugs with a possible risk for QT prolongation and TdP that should be used cautiously and with close monitoring with anagrelide include rilpivirine.
Antacids: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of rilpivirine and antacids may significantly decrease rilpivirine plasma concentrations, potentially resulting in treatment failure. To decrease the risk of virologic failure, avoid use of antacids for at least 2 hours before and at least 4 hours after administering rilpivirine.
Apalutamide: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of apalutamide and rilpivirine is contraindicated; when these drugs are coadministered, there is a potential for treatment failure and/or the development of rilpivirine or NNRTI resistance. Apalutamide is a strong inducer of CYP3A4, which is primarily responsible for the metabolism of rilpivirine. Coadministration may result in decreased rilpivirine serum concentrations, which could cause impaired virologic response to rilpivirine.
Apomorphine: (Moderate) Exercise caution when administering apomorphine concomitantly with rilpivirine since concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Dose-related QTc prolongation is associated with therapeutic apomorphine exposure.
Aprepitant, Fosaprepitant: (Moderate) Use caution if rilpivirine and aprepitant, fosaprepitant are used concurrently and monitor for an increase in rilpivirine-related adverse effects for several days after administration of a multi-day aprepitant regimen. Rilpivirine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Aprepitant, when administered as a 3-day oral regimen (125 mg/80 mg/80 mg), is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor and inducer and may increase plasma concentrations of rilpivirine. For example, a 5-day oral aprepitant regimen increased the AUC of another CYP3A4 substrate, midazolam (single dose), by 2.3-fold on day 1 and by 3.3-fold on day 5. After a 3-day oral aprepitant regimen, the AUC of midazolam (given on days 1, 4, 8, and 15) increased by 25% on day 4, and then decreased by 19% and 4% on days 8 and 15, respectively. As a single 125 mg or 40 mg oral dose, the inhibitory effect of aprepitant on CYP3A4 is weak, with the AUC of midazolam increased by 1.5-fold and 1.2-fold, respectively. After administration, fosaprepitant is rapidly converted to aprepitant and shares many of the same drug interactions. However, as a single 150 mg intravenous dose, fosaprepitant only weakly inhibits CYP3A4 for a duration of 2 days; there is no evidence of CYP3A4 induction. Fosaprepitant 150 mg IV as a single dose increased the AUC of midazolam (given on days 1 and 4) by approximately 1.8-fold on day 1; there was no effect on day 4. Less than a 2-fold increase in the midazolam AUC is not considered clinically important.
Aripiprazole: (Moderate) Concomitant use of aripiprazole and rilpivirine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose.
Armodafinil: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering armodafinil with rilpivirine due to the potential for rilpivirine treatment failure. Although this interaction has not been studied, predictions about the interaction can be made based on the metabolic pathways of these drugs. Armodafinil is an inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in decreased rilpivirine serum concentrations and impaired virologic response.
Arsenic Trioxide: (Major) Concurrent use of arsenic trioxide and rilpivirine should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). If possible, rilpivirine should be discontinued prior to initiating arsenic trioxide therapy. QT prolongation should be expected with the administration of arsenic trioxide. TdP and complete atrioventricular block have been reported. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have also caused QT prolongation.
Artemether; Lumefantrine: (Major) Concurrent use of rilpivirine and artemether; lumefantrine should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Consider ECG monitoring if rilpivirine must be used with or after artemether; lumefantrine treatment. Administration of artemether; lumefantrine is associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have also caused QT prolongation. (Major) Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation; caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with other drugs that may prolong the QT or PR interval, such as artemether. In addition to avoiding drug interactions, the potential for torsade de pointes (TdP) can be reduced by avoiding the use of QT prolonging drugs in patients at substantial risk for TdP. Consider ECG monitoring if rilpivirine must be used with or after artemether; lumefantrine treatment.
Asciminib: (Moderate) Coadministration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with asciminib may result in increased plasma concentrations of tenofovir, leading to an increase in tenofovir-related adverse effects. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a BCRP substrate and asciminib is a BCRP inhibitor.
Asenapine: (Major) Asenapine has been associated with QT prolongation. According to the manufacturer of asenapine, the drug should be avoided in combination with other agents also known to have this effect. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation; caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with other drugs that may prolong the QT or PR interval, such as asenapine.
Aspirin, ASA: (Major) Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents, like salicylates should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Aspirin, ASA; Butalbital; Caffeine: (Major) Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents, like salicylates should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus. (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering barbiturates with rilpivirine due to the potential for rilpivirine treatment failure. Although this interaction has not been studied, predictions can be made based on metabolic pathways. Barbiturates are inducers of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in decreased rilpivirine serum concentrations and impaired virologic response.
Aspirin, ASA; Caffeine: (Major) Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents, like salicylates should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Aspirin, ASA; Caffeine; Orphenadrine: (Major) Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents, like salicylates should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Aspirin, ASA; Carisoprodol; Codeine: (Major) Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents, like salicylates should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Aspirin, ASA; Citric Acid; Sodium Bicarbonate: (Major) Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents, like salicylates should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of rilpivirine and antacids may significantly decrease rilpivirine plasma concentrations, potentially resulting in treatment failure. To decrease the risk of virologic failure, avoid use of antacids for at least 2 hours before and at least 4 hours after administering rilpivirine.
Aspirin, ASA; Dipyridamole: (Major) Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents, like salicylates should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Aspirin, ASA; Omeprazole: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of proton pump inhibitors and rilpivirine is contraindicated; when these drugs are coadministered, there is a potential for treatment failure and/or the development of rilpivirine or NNRTI resistance. Proton pump inhibitors inhibit secretion of gastric acid by proton pumps thereby increasing the gastric pH; for optimal absorption, rilpivirine requires an acidic environment. Coadministration of a proton pump inhibitor and rilpivirine may result in decreased rilpivirine absorption/serum concentrations, which could cause impaired virologic response to rilpivirine. (Major) Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents, like salicylates should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Aspirin, ASA; Oxycodone: (Major) Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents, like salicylates should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Atazanavir: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering atazanavir with rilpivirine due to an increased potential for rilpivirine-related adverse events. Predictions about the interaction can be made based on metabolic pathways. Atazanavir is an inhibitor of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in increased rilpivirine plasma concentrations. (Moderate) Tenofovir decreases atazanavir AUC and Cmin. If atazanavir and tenofovir, PMPA are to be coadministered, it is recommended that atazanavir 300 mg be given with ritonavir 100 mg and tenofovir 300 mg once per day with food in patients >= 40 kg; atazanavir should not be coadministered with tenofovir without ritonavir. Data are insufficient to recommend atazanavir dosing in children < 40 kg who are also receiving concomitant tenofovir. In three post-marketing clinical trials, atazanavir AUC and Cmin were decreased by approximately 25% and 23 to 40%, respectively, when atazanavir was coadministered with tenofovir, PMPA as compared to atazanavir alone. Coadministration of atazanavir and tenofovir without ritonavir could lead to loss or lack of virologic response and possible resistance to atazanavir. In addition, atazanavir appears to increase tenofovir plasma concentrations, which could lead to adverse effects associated with tenofovir, including renal disorders. Increased tenofovir concentrations have been noted in the following combination regimens: tenofovir with ritonavir 'boosted' atazanavir; tenofovir, atazanavir, and lopinavir; ritonavir. Patients who receive tenofovir with atazanavir and any form/dose of ritonavir should be monitored for tenofovir-associated adverse events, with tenofovir being discontinued in patients who develop such adverse events. Although there are varying results in reports of an interaction between tenofovir and lopinavir; ritonavir, the clinical significance of an interaction is suspected to be insignificant. In treatment-experienced patients >= 40 kg receiving H2-antagonists and tenofovir, atazanavir should be dosed 400 mg with ritonavir 100 mg once daily with food.
Atazanavir; Cobicistat: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering atazanavir with rilpivirine due to an increased potential for rilpivirine-related adverse events. Predictions about the interaction can be made based on metabolic pathways. Atazanavir is an inhibitor of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in increased rilpivirine plasma concentrations. (Moderate) Tenofovir decreases atazanavir AUC and Cmin. If atazanavir and tenofovir, PMPA are to be coadministered, it is recommended that atazanavir 300 mg be given with ritonavir 100 mg and tenofovir 300 mg once per day with food in patients >= 40 kg; atazanavir should not be coadministered with tenofovir without ritonavir. Data are insufficient to recommend atazanavir dosing in children < 40 kg who are also receiving concomitant tenofovir. In three post-marketing clinical trials, atazanavir AUC and Cmin were decreased by approximately 25% and 23 to 40%, respectively, when atazanavir was coadministered with tenofovir, PMPA as compared to atazanavir alone. Coadministration of atazanavir and tenofovir without ritonavir could lead to loss or lack of virologic response and possible resistance to atazanavir. In addition, atazanavir appears to increase tenofovir plasma concentrations, which could lead to adverse effects associated with tenofovir, including renal disorders. Increased tenofovir concentrations have been noted in the following combination regimens: tenofovir with ritonavir 'boosted' atazanavir; tenofovir, atazanavir, and lopinavir; ritonavir. Patients who receive tenofovir with atazanavir and any form/dose of ritonavir should be monitored for tenofovir-associated adverse events, with tenofovir being discontinued in patients who develop such adverse events. Although there are varying results in reports of an interaction between tenofovir and lopinavir; ritonavir, the clinical significance of an interaction is suspected to be insignificant. In treatment-experienced patients >= 40 kg receiving H2-antagonists and tenofovir, atazanavir should be dosed 400 mg with ritonavir 100 mg once daily with food. (Moderate) The plasma concentrations of rilpivirine may be elevated when administered concurrently with cobicistat. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects is recommended during coadministration. Rilpivirine is a CYP3A4 substrate and cobicistat is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4.
Atomoxetine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of atomoxetine and rilpivirine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose.
Azithromycin: (Major) Concomitant use of rilpivirine and azithromycin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose.
Bacitracin: (Moderate) Tenofovir-containing products should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent, such as bacitracin. Tenofovir is primarily excreted via the kidneys by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. Coadministration of tenofovir with drugs that are eliminated by active tubular secretion may increase concentrations of tenofovir and/or the co-administered drug. Drugs that decrease renal function may also increase concentrations of tenofovir. Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Monitor patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Bedaquiline: (Major) Due to the potential for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP), caution is advised when administering bedaquiline with rilpivirine. Bedaquiline has been reported to prolong the QT interval. Prior to initiating bedaquiline, obtain serum electrolyte concentrations and a baseline ECG. An ECG should also be performed at least 2, 12, and 24 weeks after starting bedaquiline therapy. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have also caused QT prolongation.
Benzoic Acid; Hyoscyamine; Methenamine; Methylene Blue; Phenyl Salicylate: (Major) Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents, like salicylates should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Berotralstat: (Moderate) Coadministration of rilpivirine with berotralstat may result in increased plasma concentrations of rilpivirine, leading to an increase in rilpivirine-related adverse effects. Rilpivirine is a CYP3A4 substrate and berotralstat is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Bexarotene: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering bexarotene with rilpivirine due to the potential for rilpivirine treatment failure. Although this interaction has not been studied, predictions can be made based on metabolic pathways. Bexarotene is an inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in decreased rilpivirine serum concentrations and impaired virologic response.
Bismuth Subcitrate Potassium; Metronidazole; Tetracycline: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and rilpivirine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at three times the maximum recommended dose.
Bismuth Subsalicylate: (Major) Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents, like salicylates should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Bismuth Subsalicylate; Metronidazole; Tetracycline: (Major) Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents, like salicylates should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus. (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and rilpivirine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at three times the maximum recommended dose.
Bosentan: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering bosentan with rilpivirine due to the potential for rilpivirine treatment failure. Although this interaction has not been studied, predictions can be made based on metabolic pathways. Bosentan is an inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in decreased rilpivirine serum concentrations and impaired virologic response.
Brigatinib: (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in tenofovir-related adverse reactions if coadministration with brigatinib is necessary. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and BCRP. Brigatinib inhibits both P-gp and BCRP in vitro and may have the potential to increase concentrations of substrates of these transporters.
Bupivacaine; Meloxicam: (Moderate) Avoid administering tenofovir, PMPA concurrently with or recently after a nephrotoxic agent, such as high-dose or multiple nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Cases of acute renal failure, some requiring hospitalization and renal replacement therapy, have been reported after high-dose or multiple NSAIDs were initiated in patients who appeared stable on tenofovir. Consider alternatives to NSAIDs in patients at risk for renal dysfunction. If these drugs must be coadministered, carefully monitor the estimated creatinine creatinine, serum phosphorus, urine glucose, and urine protein prior to, and periodically during, treatment. (Moderate) Monitor for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) or emtricitabine-related adverse events during concomitant use. Concomitant use may increase NSAID or emtricitabine concentrations. Coadministration of drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion, such as NSAIDs and emtricitabine, may increase the risk of adverse reactions.
Buprenorphine: (Major) Concomitant use of rilpivirine and buprenorphine increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose.
Buprenorphine; Naloxone: (Major) Concomitant use of rilpivirine and buprenorphine increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose.
Butalbital; Acetaminophen: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering barbiturates with rilpivirine due to the potential for rilpivirine treatment failure. Although this interaction has not been studied, predictions can be made based on metabolic pathways. Barbiturates are inducers of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in decreased rilpivirine serum concentrations and impaired virologic response.
Butalbital; Acetaminophen; Caffeine: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering barbiturates with rilpivirine due to the potential for rilpivirine treatment failure. Although this interaction has not been studied, predictions can be made based on metabolic pathways. Barbiturates are inducers of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in decreased rilpivirine serum concentrations and impaired virologic response.
Butalbital; Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Codeine: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering barbiturates with rilpivirine due to the potential for rilpivirine treatment failure. Although this interaction has not been studied, predictions can be made based on metabolic pathways. Barbiturates are inducers of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in decreased rilpivirine serum concentrations and impaired virologic response.
Butalbital; Aspirin; Caffeine; Codeine: (Major) Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents, like salicylates should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus. (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering barbiturates with rilpivirine due to the potential for rilpivirine treatment failure. Although this interaction has not been studied, predictions can be made based on metabolic pathways. Barbiturates are inducers of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in decreased rilpivirine serum concentrations and impaired virologic response.
Cabozantinib: (Minor) Monitor for an increase in both cabozantinib- and tenofovir-related adverse reactions if coadministration is necessary. Cabozantinib is a Multidrug Resistance Protein 2 (MRP2) substrate and tenofovir is an MRP2 inhibitor. MRP2 inhibitors have the potential to increase plasma concentrations of cabozantinib. Cabozantinib is also P-gp inhibitor and has the potential to increase plasma concentrations of P-gp substrates such as tenofovir. The clinical relevance of either of these interactions is unknown.
Calcium Carbonate: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of rilpivirine and antacids may significantly decrease rilpivirine plasma concentrations, potentially resulting in treatment failure. To decrease the risk of virologic failure, avoid use of antacids for at least 2 hours before and at least 4 hours after administering rilpivirine.
Calcium Carbonate; Famotidine; Magnesium Hydroxide: (Moderate) Coadministration with famotidine may significantly decrease rilpivirine plasma concentrations, potentially resulting in treatment failure. To decrease the risk of virologic failure, avoid use of famotidine for at least 12 hours before and at least 4 hours after administering rilpivirine. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of rilpivirine and antacids may significantly decrease rilpivirine plasma concentrations, potentially resulting in treatment failure. To decrease the risk of virologic failure, avoid use of antacids for at least 2 hours before and at least 4 hours after administering rilpivirine.
Calcium Carbonate; Magnesium Hydroxide: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of rilpivirine and antacids may significantly decrease rilpivirine plasma concentrations, potentially resulting in treatment failure. To decrease the risk of virologic failure, avoid use of antacids for at least 2 hours before and at least 4 hours after administering rilpivirine.
Calcium Carbonate; Magnesium Hydroxide; Simethicone: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of rilpivirine and antacids may significantly decrease rilpivirine plasma concentrations, potentially resulting in treatment failure. To decrease the risk of virologic failure, avoid use of antacids for at least 2 hours before and at least 4 hours after administering rilpivirine.
Calcium Carbonate; Simethicone: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of rilpivirine and antacids may significantly decrease rilpivirine plasma concentrations, potentially resulting in treatment failure. To decrease the risk of virologic failure, avoid use of antacids for at least 2 hours before and at least 4 hours after administering rilpivirine.
Calcium; Vitamin D: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of rilpivirine and antacids may significantly decrease rilpivirine plasma concentrations, potentially resulting in treatment failure. To decrease the risk of virologic failure, avoid use of antacids for at least 2 hours before and at least 4 hours after administering rilpivirine.
Cannabidiol: (Moderate) Coadministration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with cannabidiol may result in increased plasma concentrations of tenofovir, leading to an increase in tenofovir-related adverse effects. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a P-gp substrate and cannabidiol is a P-gp inhibitor.
Capmatinib: (Moderate) Coadministration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with capmatinib may result in increased plasma concentrations of tenofovir, leading to an increase in tenofovir-related adverse effects. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and BCRP substrate and capmatinib is a P-gp and BCRP inhibitor.
Carbamazepine: (Contraindicated) Coadministration of carbamazepine and rilpivirine is contraindicated due to the potential for loss of virologic response and possible resistance to rilpivirine or the class of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). Rilpivirine is a CYP3A4 substrate and carbamazepine is a strong CYP3A4 inducer.
Carboplatin: (Moderate) Tenofovir-containing products should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent, such as carboplatin. Tenofovir is primarily excreted via the kidneys by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. Coadministration of tenofovir with drugs that are eliminated by active tubular secretion may increase concentrations of tenofovir and/or the co-administered drug. Drugs that decrease renal function may also increase concentrations of tenofovir. Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Monitor patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Carvedilol: (Moderate) Increased concentrations of tenofovir may occur if it is coadministered with carvedilol; exercise caution. Carvedilol is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor and tenofovir is a P-gp substrate.
Celecoxib: (Moderate) Avoid administering tenofovir, PMPA concurrently with or recently after a nephrotoxic agent, such as high-dose or multiple nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Cases of acute renal failure, some requiring hospitalization and renal replacement therapy, have been reported after high-dose or multiple NSAIDs were initiated in patients who appeared stable on tenofovir. Consider alternatives to NSAIDs in patients at risk for renal dysfunction. If these drugs must be coadministered, carefully monitor the estimated creatinine creatinine, serum phosphorus, urine glucose, and urine protein prior to, and periodically during, treatment. (Moderate) Monitor for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) or emtricitabine-related adverse events during concomitant use. Concomitant use may increase NSAID or emtricitabine concentrations. Coadministration of drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion, such as NSAIDs and emtricitabine, may increase the risk of adverse reactions.
Celecoxib; Tramadol: (Moderate) Avoid administering tenofovir, PMPA concurrently with or recently after a nephrotoxic agent, such as high-dose or multiple nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Cases of acute renal failure, some requiring hospitalization and renal replacement therapy, have been reported after high-dose or multiple NSAIDs were initiated in patients who appeared stable on tenofovir. Consider alternatives to NSAIDs in patients at risk for renal dysfunction. If these drugs must be coadministered, carefully monitor the estimated creatinine creatinine, serum phosphorus, urine glucose, and urine protein prior to, and periodically during, treatment. (Moderate) Monitor for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) or emtricitabine-related adverse events during concomitant use. Concomitant use may increase NSAID or emtricitabine concentrations. Coadministration of drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion, such as NSAIDs and emtricitabine, may increase the risk of adverse reactions.
Cenobamate: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering cenobamate with rilpivirine due to the potential for rilpivirine treatment failure. Although this interaction has not been studied, predictions can be made based on metabolic pathways. Cenobamate is a moderate CYP3A4 inducer and rilpivirine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration may result in decreased rilpivirine serum concentrations and impaired virologic response.
Ceritinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of ceritinib with rilpivirine if possible due to the risk of QT prolongation; plasma concentrations of rilpivirine may also increase. If concomitant use is unavoidable, periodically monitor ECGs and electrolytes; an interruption of ceritinib therapy, dose reduction, or discontinuation of therapy may be necessary if QT prolongation occurs. Rilpivirine is a CYP3A4 substrate that has been associated with QT prolongation at supratherapeutic doses (75 to 300 mg per day). Ceritinib is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor that has also been associated with concentration-dependent QT prolongation. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the AUC of rilpivirine by 1.49-fold.
Chloramphenicol: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering chloramphenicol with rilpivirine due to an increased potential for rilpivirine-related adverse events. Although this interaction has not been studied, predictions can be made based on metabolic pathways. Chloramphenicol is an inhibitor of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in increased rilpivirine plasma concentrations.
Chloroquine: (Major) Avoid coadministration of chloroquine with rilpivirine due to the increased risk of QT prolongation. If use together is necessary, obtain an ECG at baseline to assess initial QT interval and determine frequency of subsequent ECG monitoring, avoid any non-essential QT prolonging drugs, and correct electrolyte imbalances. Chloroquine is associated with an increased risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP); the risk of QT prolongation is increased with higher chloroquine doses. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation.
Chlorpheniramine; Ibuprofen; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Avoid administering tenofovir, PMPA concurrently with or recently after a nephrotoxic agent, such as high-dose or multiple nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Cases of acute renal failure, some requiring hospitalization and renal replacement therapy, have been reported after high-dose or multiple NSAIDs were initiated in patients who appeared stable on tenofovir. Consider alternatives to NSAIDs in patients at risk for renal dysfunction. If these drugs must be coadministered, carefully monitor the estimated creatinine creatinine, serum phosphorus, urine glucose, and urine protein prior to, and periodically during, treatment. (Moderate) Monitor for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) or emtricitabine-related adverse events during concomitant use. Concomitant use may increase NSAID or emtricitabine concentrations. Coadministration of drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion, such as NSAIDs and emtricitabine, may increase the risk of adverse reactions.
Chlorpromazine: (Major) Concurrent use of chlorpromazine and rilpivirine should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Phenothiazines have also been associated with QT prolongation and/or TdP. This risk is generally higher at elevated drugs concentrations of phenothiazines. Chlorpromazine is specifically associated with an established risk of QT prolongation and TdP; case reports have included patients receiving therapeutic doses of chlorpromazine.
Choline Salicylate; Magnesium Salicylate: (Major) Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents, like salicylates should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Cidofovir: (Moderate) Monitor for changes in serum creatinine and adverse reactions, such as lactic acidosis or hepatotoxicity if emtricitabine is administered in combination with nephrotoxic agents, such as cidofovir. Consider the potential for drug interaction prior to and during concurrent use of these medications. Both emtricitabine and cidofovir are excreted via the kidneys by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. While no drug interactions due to competition for renal excretion have been observed, coadministration of these medications may increase concentrations of both drugs. (Moderate) Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent, such as cidofovir. If concurrent use is necessary, closely monitor for changes in renal function. Tenofovir is primarily excreted via the kidneys by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. Concurrent administration with a drug that reduces renal function or competes for active tubular secretion may increase concentrations of tenofovir and other renally eliminated drugs; thus, increasing the risk of developing renal-related adverse events. Renal impairment, which may include acute renal failure and hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.
Cimetidine: (Moderate) Coadministration with cimetidine may significantly decrease rilpivirine plasma concentrations, potentially resulting in treatment failure. To decrease the risk of virologic failure, avoid use of H2 receptor antagonist for at least 12 hours before and at least 4 hours after administering rilpivirine.
Ciprofloxacin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of ciprofloxacin and rilpivirine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose.
Cisapride: (Contraindicated) Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Because of the potential for torsades de pointes, use of cisapride with rilpivirine is contraindicated.
Cisplatin: (Major) Avoid tenofovir administration with concurrent or recent treatment with cisplatin. Cisplatin can cause nephrotoxicity. Tenofovir is primarily eliminated by the kidneys; drugs that decrease renal function may increase concentrations of tenofovir. Also, cases of acute renal failure after initiation of other nephrotoxic drugs have been reported in HIV-infected patients with risk factors for renal dysfunction who appeared stable on tenofovir treatment; some patients required hospitalization and renal replacement therapy.
Citalopram: (Major) Concomitant use of rilpivirine and citalopram increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose.
Clarithromycin: (Major) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering clarithromycin with rilpivirine due to an increased potential for rilpivirine-related adverse events. When possible, alternative antibiotics should be considered. Predictions about the interaction can be made based on metabolic pathways. Clarithromycin is an inhibitor of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in increased rilpivirine plasma concentrations. Also, supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation; caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with other drugs that may prolong the QT or PR interval, such as clarithromycin. (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering tenofovir, PMPA, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, concurrently with inhibitors of P-gp, such as clarithromycin. Coadministration may result in increased absorption of tenofovir. Monitor for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions.
Class IA Antiarrhythmics: (Major) Rilpivirine should be used cautiously with Class IA antiarrhythmics (disopyramide, procainamide, quinidine). Class IA antiarrhythmics are associated with QT prolongation and torsades de pointes (TdP). Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation; caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with other drugs that may prolong the QT or PR interval.
Clindamycin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of tenofovir and clindamycin may result in additive nephrotoxicity. Monitor for renal toxicity if concomitant use is required.
Clofarabine: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of clofarabine and tenofovir; coadministration may result in additive nephrotoxicity. Additionally, taking these drugs together may alter clofarabine concentrations; clofarabine and tenofovir are both substrates of OAT1 and OAT3.
Clofazimine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of clofazimine and rilpivirine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose.
Clozapine: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with clozapine as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Treatment with clozapine has been associated with QT prolongation, torsade de pointes (TdP), cardiac arrest, and sudden death.
Cobicistat: (Moderate) The plasma concentrations of rilpivirine may be elevated when administered concurrently with cobicistat. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects is recommended during coadministration. Rilpivirine is a CYP3A4 substrate and cobicistat is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4.
Codeine; Phenylephrine; Promethazine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of promethazine and rilpivirine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose.
Codeine; Promethazine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of promethazine and rilpivirine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose.
Colistimethate, Colistin, Polymyxin E: (Moderate) Tenofovir-containing products should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent, such as colistimethate sodium. Tenofovir is primarily excreted via the kidneys by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. Coadministration of tenofovir with drugs that are eliminated by active tubular secretion may increase concentrations of tenofovir and/or the co-administered drug. Drugs that decrease renal function may also increase concentrations of tenofovir. Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Monitor patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus, and urine glucose and protein.
Colistin: (Moderate) Tenofovir-containing products should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent, such as colistimethate sodium. Tenofovir is primarily excreted via the kidneys by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. Coadministration of tenofovir with drugs that are eliminated by active tubular secretion may increase concentrations of tenofovir and/or the co-administered drug. Drugs that decrease renal function may also increase concentrations of tenofovir. Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Monitor patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus, and urine glucose and protein.
Conivaptan: (Moderate) Coadministration of rilpivirine with conivaptan may result in increased plasma concentrations of rilpivirine, leading to an increase in rilpivirine-related adverse effects. Rilpivirine is a CYP3A substrate and conivaptan is a moderate CYP3A inhibitor. (Moderate) Use caution when administering conivaptan and tenofovir concurrently. Conivaptan is an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Co-administration of conivaptan with P-gp substrates, such as tenofovir, PMPA, can increase tenofovir exposure leading to increased or prolonged therapeutic effects and adverse events.
Crizotinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of crizotinib with rilpivirine due to the risk of QT prolongation; exposure to rilpivirine may also increase. If concomitant use is unavoidable, monitor ECGs for QT prolongation and monitor electrolytes. An interruption of therapy, dose reduction, or discontinuation of therapy may be necessary for crizotinib if QT prolongation occurs. Crizotinib is a moderate CYP3A inhibitor that has been associated with concentration-dependent QT prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have also caused QT prolongation; rilpivirine is also a CYP3A4 substrate.
Cyclosporine: (Major) Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents, such as cyclosporine, should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Dabrafenib: (Major) The concomitant use of dabrafenib and rilpivirine may lead to decreased rilpivirine concentrations and loss of virologic response. Consider use of an alternative agent. If concomitant use of these agents is unavoidable, monitor patients for loss of rilpivirine efficacy. Dabrafenib is a moderate CYP3A4 inducer and rilpivirine is a moderately sensitive CYP3A4 substrate.
Danazol: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering danazol with rilpivirine due to an increased potential for rilpivirine-related adverse events. Although this interaction has not been studied, predictions can be made based on metabolic pathways. Danazol is an inhibitor of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in increased rilpivirine plasma concentrations.
Danicopan: (Moderate) Coadministration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with danicopan may result in increased plasma concentrations of tenofovir, leading to an increase in tenofovir-related adverse effects. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a P-gp and BCRP substrate and danicopan is a P-gp and BCRP inhibitor.
Daridorexant: (Moderate) Coadministration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with daridorexant may result in increased plasma concentrations of tenofovir, leading to an increase in tenofovir-related adverse effects. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a P-gp substrate and daridorexant is a P-gp inhibitor.
Darolutamide: (Moderate) Caution is advised with the coadministration of darolutamide and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate due to the potential for increased plasma concentrations of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate increasing the risk of adverse effects. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a substrate of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and darolutamide is a BCRP inhibitor.
Darunavir: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering the combination of darunavir and ritonavir with rilpivirine due to an increased potential for rilpivirine-related adverse events. Dosage adjustments are not recommended. Predictions about the interaction can be made based on metabolic pathways. Darunavir and ritonavir are inhibitors of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in increased rilpivirine plasma concentrations. (Moderate) Pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC, Cmax, Cmin) of tenofovir, PMPA are elevated when administered in combination with darunavir and ritonavir. The clinical significance of this interaction has not been established, and dosage adjustments are not recommended. Monitor the patients closely for tenofovir-related adverse events.
Darunavir; Cobicistat: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering the combination of darunavir and ritonavir with rilpivirine due to an increased potential for rilpivirine-related adverse events. Dosage adjustments are not recommended. Predictions about the interaction can be made based on metabolic pathways. Darunavir and ritonavir are inhibitors of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in increased rilpivirine plasma concentrations. (Moderate) Pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC, Cmax, Cmin) of tenofovir, PMPA are elevated when administered in combination with darunavir and ritonavir. The clinical significance of this interaction has not been established, and dosage adjustments are not recommended. Monitor the patients closely for tenofovir-related adverse events. (Moderate) The plasma concentrations of rilpivirine may be elevated when administered concurrently with cobicistat. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects is recommended during coadministration. Rilpivirine is a CYP3A4 substrate and cobicistat is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4.
Darunavir; Cobicistat; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir alafenamide: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering the combination of darunavir and ritonavir with rilpivirine due to an increased potential for rilpivirine-related adverse events. Dosage adjustments are not recommended. Predictions about the interaction can be made based on metabolic pathways. Darunavir and ritonavir are inhibitors of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in increased rilpivirine plasma concentrations. (Moderate) Pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC, Cmax, Cmin) of tenofovir, PMPA are elevated when administered in combination with darunavir and ritonavir. The clinical significance of this interaction has not been established, and dosage adjustments are not recommended. Monitor the patients closely for tenofovir-related adverse events. (Moderate) The plasma concentrations of rilpivirine may be elevated when administered concurrently with cobicistat. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects is recommended during coadministration. Rilpivirine is a CYP3A4 substrate and cobicistat is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4.
Dasatinib: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with dasatinib as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. In vitro studies have shown that dasatinib has the potential to prolong the QT interval.
Degarelix: (Moderate) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy outweigh the potential risks in patients receiving rilpivirine as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., degarelix) may prolong the QT/QTc interval. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation.
Delavirdine: (Major) Coadministration of delavirdine and rilpivirine is not recommended. If they are coadministered, close clinical monitoring is advised due to the increased potential for rilpivirine-related adverse events. Predictions about the interaction can be made based on metabolic pathways. Delavirdine is an inhibitor of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in increased rilpivirine plasma concentrations.
Desflurane: (Major) Halogenated anesthetics should be used cautiously and with close monitoring with rilpivirine. Halogenated anesthetics can prolong the QT interval. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation; caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with other drugs that may prolong the QT or PR interval.
Deutetrabenazine: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with deutetrabenazine. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Deutetrabenazine may prolong the QT interval, but the degree of QT prolongation is not clinically significant when deutetrabenazine is administered within the recommended dosage range.
Dexamethasone: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of dexamethasone (more than 1 dose) and rilpivirine is contraindicated. Concomitant use may decrease the exposure and efficacy of rilpivirine leading to potential development of viral resistance. Rilpivirine is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is an inducer of CYP3A4.
Dexlansoprazole: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of proton pump inhibitors and rilpivirine is contraindicated; when these drugs are coadministered, there is a potential for treatment failure and/or the development of rilpivirine or NNRTI resistance. Proton pump inhibitors inhibit secretion of gastric acid by proton pumps thereby increasing the gastric pH; for optimal absorption, rilpivirine requires an acidic environment. Coadministration of a proton pump inhibitor and rilpivirine may result in decreased rilpivirine absorption/serum concentrations, which could cause impaired virologic response to rilpivirine.
Dexmedetomidine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of dexmedetomidine and rilpivirine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose.
Dextromethorphan; Quinidine: (Major) Rilpivirine should be used cautiously with Class IA antiarrhythmics (disopyramide, procainamide, quinidine). Class IA antiarrhythmics are associated with QT prolongation and torsades de pointes (TdP). Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation; caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with other drugs that may prolong the QT or PR interval. (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering tenofovir, PMPA, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, concurrently with inhibitors of P-gp, such as quinidine. Coadministration may result in increased absorption of tenofovir. Monitor for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions.
Dichlorphenamide: (Major) Use of dichlorphenamide and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is not recommended because of increased tenofovir exposure and a risk of tenofovir-related adverse effects. Monitor closely for signs of drug toxicity if coadministration cannot be avoided. For example, it is important to monitor renal and hepatic function for all patients during treatment with tenofovir, as the drug may cause hepatotoxicity or nephrotoxicity. Increased tenofovir exposure is possible. Tenofovir is a sensitive OAT1 substrate. Dichlorphenamide inhibits OAT1.
Diclofenac: (Moderate) Avoid administering tenofovir, PMPA concurrently with or recently after a nephrotoxic agent, such as high-dose or multiple nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Cases of acute renal failure, some requiring hospitalization and renal replacement therapy, have been reported after high-dose or multiple NSAIDs were initiated in patients who appeared stable on tenofovir. Consider alternatives to NSAIDs in patients at risk for renal dysfunction. If these drugs must be coadministered, carefully monitor the estimated creatinine creatinine, serum phosphorus, urine glucose, and urine protein prior to, and periodically during, treatment. (Moderate) Monitor for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) or emtricitabine-related adverse events during concomitant use. Concomitant use may increase NSAID or emtricitabine concentrations. Coadministration of drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion, such as NSAIDs and emtricitabine, may increase the risk of adverse reactions.
Diclofenac; Misoprostol: (Moderate) Avoid administering tenofovir, PMPA concurrently with or recently after a nephrotoxic agent, such as high-dose or multiple nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Cases of acute renal failure, some requiring hospitalization and renal replacement therapy, have been reported after high-dose or multiple NSAIDs were initiated in patients who appeared stable on tenofovir. Consider alternatives to NSAIDs in patients at risk for renal dysfunction. If these drugs must be coadministered, carefully monitor the estimated creatinine creatinine, serum phosphorus, urine glucose, and urine protein prior to, and periodically during, treatment. (Moderate) Monitor for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) or emtricitabine-related adverse events during concomitant use. Concomitant use may increase NSAID or emtricitabine concentrations. Coadministration of drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion, such as NSAIDs and emtricitabine, may increase the risk of adverse reactions.
Didanosine, ddI: (Major) HIV guidelines recommend against concurrent use of tenofovir, PMPA and didanosine; however, these medications can be used together, if necessary, in patients with a creatinine clearance 60 mL/min or more if the didanosine dose is reduced; decrease the didanosine dose to 250 mg in patients weighing 60 kg or more and to 200 mg in patients weighing 25 to 59 kg. Concurrent administration of tenofovir, PMPA and didanosine, ddI increases the concentration of both didanosine and its active metabolite (dideoxyadenosine 5-triphosphate) which may cause or worsen didanosine-related clinical toxicities, including pancreatitis, symptomatic hyperlactatemia/lactic acidosis, and peripheral neuropathy. In addition, this combination has been associated with CD4 cell count decline despite viral suppression, high rates of early virologic failure, and rapid selection of resistance mutations. The mechanism of the interaction is not known, but the interaction occurs with both buffered and non-buffered didanosine formulations. When coadministered, tenofovir and didanosine EC may be taken under fasted conditions or with a light meal (under 400 kcal, containing 20% or less fat); coadministration of didanosine buffered tablet formulation with tenofovir should be under fasted conditions. Coadministration of tenofovir and didanosine should be undertaken with caution and patients receiving this combination should be monitored closely for didanosine-associated adverse events. Didanosine therapy should be suspended if signs or symptoms of pancreatitis, symptomatic hyperlactatemia, or lactic acidosis develop. (Moderate) While no dosage adjustments are required, because didanosine, ddI is administered on an empty stomach and rilpivirine is given with food, do not give didanosine within at least two hours before or at least four hours after rilpivirine.
Diflunisal: (Moderate) Avoid administering tenofovir, PMPA concurrently with or recently after a nephrotoxic agent, such as high-dose or multiple nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Cases of acute renal failure, some requiring hospitalization and renal replacement therapy, have been reported after high-dose or multiple NSAIDs were initiated in patients who appeared stable on tenofovir. Consider alternatives to NSAIDs in patients at risk for renal dysfunction. If these drugs must be coadministered, carefully monitor the estimated creatinine creatinine, serum phosphorus, urine glucose, and urine protein prior to, and periodically during, treatment. (Moderate) Monitor for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) or emtricitabine-related adverse events during concomitant use. Concomitant use may increase NSAID or emtricitabine concentrations. Coadministration of drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion, such as NSAIDs and emtricitabine, may increase the risk of adverse reactions.
Diltiazem: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering diltiazem with rilpivirine due to an increased potential for rilpivirine-related adverse events. Although this interaction has not been studied, predictions can be made based on metabolic pathways. Diltiazem is an inhibitor of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in increased rilpivirine plasma concentrations.
Diphenhydramine; Ibuprofen: (Moderate) Avoid administering tenofovir, PMPA concurrently with or recently after a nephrotoxic agent, such as high-dose or multiple nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Cases of acute renal failure, some requiring hospitalization and renal replacement therapy, have been reported after high-dose or multiple NSAIDs were initiated in patients who appeared stable on tenofovir. Consider alternatives to NSAIDs in patients at risk for renal dysfunction. If these drugs must be coadministered, carefully monitor the estimated creatinine creatinine, serum phosphorus, urine glucose, and urine protein prior to, and periodically during, treatment. (Moderate) Monitor for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) or emtricitabine-related adverse events during concomitant use. Concomitant use may increase NSAID or emtricitabine concentrations. Coadministration of drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion, such as NSAIDs and emtricitabine, may increase the risk of adverse reactions.
Diphenhydramine; Naproxen: (Moderate) Avoid administering tenofovir, PMPA concurrently with or recently after a nephrotoxic agent, such as high-dose or multiple nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Cases of acute renal failure, some requiring hospitalization and renal replacement therapy, have been reported after high-dose or multiple NSAIDs were initiated in patients who appeared stable on tenofovir. Consider alternatives to NSAIDs in patients at risk for renal dysfunction. If these drugs must be coadministered, carefully monitor the estimated creatinine creatinine, serum phosphorus, urine glucose, and urine protein prior to, and periodically during, treatment. (Moderate) Monitor for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) or emtricitabine-related adverse events during concomitant use. Concomitant use may increase NSAID or emtricitabine concentrations. Coadministration of drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion, such as NSAIDs and emtricitabine, may increase the risk of adverse reactions.
Disopyramide: (Major) Rilpivirine should be used cautiously with Class IA antiarrhythmics (disopyramide, procainamide, quinidine). Class IA antiarrhythmics are associated with QT prolongation and torsades de pointes (TdP). Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation; caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with other drugs that may prolong the QT or PR interval.
Dofetilide: (Major) Coadministration of dofetilide and rilpivirine is not recommended as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Dofetilide, a Class III antiarrhythmic agent, is associated with a well-established risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. (Major) Dofetilide should be co-administered with tenofovir, PMPA with caution since both drugs are actively secreted via cationic secretion and could compete for common renal tubular transport systems. This results in a possible increase in plasma concentrations of either drug. Increased concentrations of dofetilide may increase the risk for side effects including proarrhythmia. Careful patient monitoring and dose adjustment of dofetilide is recommended. (Moderate) Use caution when administering dofetilide concurrently with emtricitabine as both drugs are actively secreted via cationic secretion and could compete for common renal tubular transport systems. This results in a possible increase in plasma concentrations of either drug. Increased concentrations of dofetilide may increase the risk for side effects including proarrhythmia.
Dolasetron: (Moderate) Administer dolasetron with caution in combination with rilpivirine. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Dolasetron has been associated with a dose-dependent prolongation in the QT, PR, and QRS intervals on an electrocardiogram.
Dolutegravir; Lamivudine: (Major) Do not coadminister lamivudine, 3TC-containing products and emtricitabine-containing products due to similarities between emtricitabine and lamivudine.
Donepezil: (Moderate) Use donepezil with caution in combination with rilpivirine as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Case reports indicate that QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) can occur during donepezil therapy. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation.
Donepezil; Memantine: (Moderate) Use donepezil with caution in combination with rilpivirine as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Case reports indicate that QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) can occur during donepezil therapy. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation.
Doravirine; Lamivudine; Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: (Major) Do not coadminister lamivudine, 3TC-containing products and emtricitabine-containing products due to similarities between emtricitabine and lamivudine.
Dronedarone: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of dronedarone and rilpivirine is contraindicated. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Dronedarone administration is associated with a dose-related increase in the QTc interval. The increase in QTc is approximately 10 milliseconds at doses of 400 mg twice daily (the FDA-approved dose) and up to 25 milliseconds at doses of 1600 mg twice daily. Although there are no studies examining the effects of dronedarone in patients receiving other QT prolonging drugs, coadministration of such drugs may result in additive QT prolongation. (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering tenofovir, PMPA, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, concurrently with inhibitors of P-gp, such as dronedarone. Coadministration may result in increased absorption of tenofovir. Monitor for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions.
Droperidol: (Major) Droperidol should be administered with extreme caution to patients receiving other agents that may prolong the QT interval. Droperidol administration is associated with an established risk for QT prolongation and torsades de pointes (TdP). Any drug known to have potential to prolong the QT interval should not be coadministered with droperidol. Drugs with a possible risk for QT prolongation and TdP that should be used cautiously with droperidol include rilpivirine. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation.
Echinacea: (Moderate) Use Echinacea sp. with caution in patients taking medications for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Some experts have suggested that Echinacea's effects on the immune system might cause problems for patients with HIV infection, particularly with long-term use. There may be less risk with short-term use (less than 2 weeks). A few pharmacokinetic studies have shown reductions in blood levels of some antiretroviral medications when Echinacea was given, presumably due to CYP induction. However, more study is needed for various HIV treatment regimens. Of the agents studied, the interactions do not appear to be significant or to require dose adjustments at the time of use. Although no dose adjustments are required, monitoring drug concentrations may give reassurance during co-administration. Monitor viral load and other parameters carefully during therapy.
Efavirenz: (Major) Coadministration of efavirenz and rilpivirine is not recommended as the combined use of two NNRTIs has not been shown to be beneficial. If they are coadministered, close clinical monitoring is advised due to the potential for rilpivirine treatment failure. Predictions about the interaction can be made based on metabolic pathways. Efavirenz is an inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in decreased rilpivirine serum concentrations and impaired virologic response. In addition, both drugs have been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Use of these drugs together may increase the risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP).
Efavirenz; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Major) Coadministration of efavirenz and rilpivirine is not recommended as the combined use of two NNRTIs has not been shown to be beneficial. If they are coadministered, close clinical monitoring is advised due to the potential for rilpivirine treatment failure. Predictions about the interaction can be made based on metabolic pathways. Efavirenz is an inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in decreased rilpivirine serum concentrations and impaired virologic response. In addition, both drugs have been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Use of these drugs together may increase the risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP).
Efavirenz; Lamivudine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Major) Coadministration of efavirenz and rilpivirine is not recommended as the combined use of two NNRTIs has not been shown to be beneficial. If they are coadministered, close clinical monitoring is advised due to the potential for rilpivirine treatment failure. Predictions about the interaction can be made based on metabolic pathways. Efavirenz is an inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in decreased rilpivirine serum concentrations and impaired virologic response. In addition, both drugs have been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Use of these drugs together may increase the risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). (Major) Do not coadminister lamivudine, 3TC-containing products and emtricitabine-containing products due to similarities between emtricitabine and lamivudine.
Elacestrant: (Moderate) Coadministration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with elacestrant may result in increased plasma concentrations of tenofovir, leading to an increase in tenofovir-related adverse effects. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is substrate of BCRP and P-gp; elacestrant is an inhibitor of BCRP and P-gp.
Elagolix: (Major) The concomitant use of elagolix and rilpivirine may lead to decreased rilpivirine concentrations and loss of virologic response. Consider use of an alternative agent. If concomitant use of these agents is unavoidable, monitor patients for loss of rilpivirine efficacy. Elagolix is a weak to moderate CYP3A4 inducer and rilpivirine is a moderately sensitive CYP3A4 substrate.
Elagolix; Estradiol; Norethindrone acetate: (Major) The concomitant use of elagolix and rilpivirine may lead to decreased rilpivirine concentrations and loss of virologic response. Consider use of an alternative agent. If concomitant use of these agents is unavoidable, monitor patients for loss of rilpivirine efficacy. Elagolix is a weak to moderate CYP3A4 inducer and rilpivirine is a moderately sensitive CYP3A4 substrate.
Elexacaftor; tezacaftor; ivacaftor: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering tenofovir, PMPA, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, concurrently with inhibitors of P-gp, such as ivacaftor. Coadministration may result in increased absorption of tenofovir. Monitor for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions.
Eliglustat: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with eliglustat as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Eliglustat is predicted to cause PR, QRS, and/or QT prolongation at significantly elevated plasma concentrations. (Moderate) Coadministration of tenofovir, PMPA and eliglustat may result in increased concentrations of tenofovir. Monitor patients closely for tenofovir-related adverse effects including nausea, diarrhea, headache, asthenia, and nephrotoxicity. Tenofovir is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate; eliglustat is a P-gp inhibitor. For coadministration with P-gp substrates, eliglustat's product labeling recommends monitoring therapeutic drug concentrations of the P-gp substrate, if possible, or consideration of a dosage reduction and titrating to clinical effect.
Elvitegravir; Cobicistat; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Alafenamide: (Moderate) The plasma concentrations of rilpivirine may be elevated when administered concurrently with cobicistat. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects is recommended during coadministration. Rilpivirine is a CYP3A4 substrate and cobicistat is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4.
Elvitegravir; Cobicistat; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Moderate) The plasma concentrations of rilpivirine may be elevated when administered concurrently with cobicistat. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects is recommended during coadministration. Rilpivirine is a CYP3A4 substrate and cobicistat is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4.
Enasidenib: (Moderate) Coadministration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with enasidenib may result in increased plasma concentrations of tenofovir, leading to an increase in tenofovir-related adverse effects. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a P-gp and BCRP substrate and enasidenib is a P-gp and BCRP inhibitor.
Encorafenib: (Major) Concomitant use of encorafenib and rilpivirine increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) and may decrease rilpivirine exposure and efficacy. Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Monitor for altered response to rilpivirine and consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary. Rilpivirine is a CYP3A substrate, encorafenib is a strong CYP3A inducer, and both medications have been associated with QT/QTc prolongation. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A inducer decreased rilpivirine exposure by approximately 80%. Although specific recommendations are unavailable for use with encorafenib, coadministration with other strong CYP3A inducers is contraindicated. (Moderate) Coadministration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with encorafenib may result in increased plasma concentrations of tenofovir, leading to an increase in tenofovir-related adverse effects. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a BCRP substrate and encorafenib is a BCRP inhibitor.
Entrectinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of entrectinib with rilpivirine due to the risk of QT prolongation. Entrectinib has been associated with QT prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation.
Enzalutamide: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of enzalutamide and rilpivirine is contraindicated; when these drugs are coadministered, there is a potential for treatment failure and/or the development of rilpivirine or NNRTI resistance. Enzalutamide is a potent inducer of CYP3A4, which is primarily responsible for the metabolism of rilpivirine. Coadministration may result in decreased rilpivirine serum concentrations, which could cause impaired virologic response to rilpivirine.
Erdafitinib: (Moderate) Coadministration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with erdafitinib may result in increased plasma concentrations of tenofovir, leading to an increase in tenofovir-related adverse effects. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a P-gp substrate and erdafitinib is a P-gp inhibitor.
Eribulin: (Major) Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation; caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with other drugs that may prolong the QT or PR interval, such as eribulin. ECG monitoring is recommended; closely monitor the patient for QT interval prolongation.
Erythromycin: (Major) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering erythromycin with rilpivirine due to an increased potential for rilpivirine-related adverse events, including QT prolongation. When possible, alternative antibiotics should be considered. Predictions about the interaction can be made based on metabolic pathways. Erythromycin is an inhibitor of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in increased rilpivirine plasma concentrations. Also, supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation; caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with other drugs that may prolong the QT or PR interval, such as erythromycin. (Moderate) Coadministration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with erythromycin may result in increased plasma concentrations of tenofovir, leading to an increase in tenofovir-related adverse effects. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a P-gp substrate and erythromycin is a P-gp inhibitor.
Escitalopram: (Moderate) Concomitant use of escitalopram and rilpivirine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose.
Eslicarbazepine: (Contraindicated) In vivo studies suggest eslicarbazepine is an inducer of CYP3A4. CYP3A4 is primarily responsible for the metabolism of rilpivirine. The related anticonvulsants, carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine are contraindicated in combination with rilpivirine. Coadministration may result in decreased rilpivirine serum concentrations, which could cause impaired virologic response to rilpivirine. Although not specifically mentioned by the manufacturer of rilpivirine, it may be prudent to avoid coadministration of eslicarbazepine and rilpivirine given the potential for an interaction based on the pharmacokinetic parameters of the drugs.
Esomeprazole: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of proton pump inhibitors and rilpivirine is contraindicated; when these drugs are coadministered, there is a potential for treatment failure and/or the development of rilpivirine or NNRTI resistance. Proton pump inhibitors inhibit secretion of gastric acid by proton pumps thereby increasing the gastric pH; for optimal absorption, rilpivirine requires an acidic environment. Coadministration of a proton pump inhibitor and rilpivirine may result in decreased rilpivirine absorption/serum concentrations, which could cause impaired virologic response to rilpivirine.
Ethiodized Oil: (Moderate) Tenofovir-containing products should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent, such as radiopaque contrast agents. Tenofovir is primarily excreted via the kidneys by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. Coadministration of tenofovir with drugs that are eliminated by active tubular secretion may increase concentrations of tenofovir and/or the co-administered drug. Drugs that decrease renal function may also increase concentrations of tenofovir. Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Monitor patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Etodolac: (Moderate) Avoid administering tenofovir, PMPA concurrently with or recently after a nephrotoxic agent, such as high-dose or multiple nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Cases of acute renal failure, some requiring hospitalization and renal replacement therapy, have been reported after high-dose or multiple NSAIDs were initiated in patients who appeared stable on tenofovir. Consider alternatives to NSAIDs in patients at risk for renal dysfunction. If these drugs must be coadministered, carefully monitor the estimated creatinine creatinine, serum phosphorus, urine glucose, and urine protein prior to, and periodically during, treatment. (Moderate) Monitor for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) or emtricitabine-related adverse events during concomitant use. Concomitant use may increase NSAID or emtricitabine concentrations. Coadministration of drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion, such as NSAIDs and emtricitabine, may increase the risk of adverse reactions.
Etrasimod: (Moderate) Concomitant use of etrasimod and rilpivirine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose. Etrasimod has a limited effect on the QT/QTc interval at therapeutic doses but may cause bradycardia and atrioventricular conduction delays which may increase the risk for TdP in patients with a prolonged QT/QTc interval.
Etravirine: (Major) Coadministration of etravirine and rilpivirine is not recommended as the combined use of two NNRTIs has not been shown to be beneficial. If they are coadministered, close clinical monitoring is advised due to the potential for rilpivirine treatment failure. Predictions about the interaction can be made based on metabolic pathways. Etravirine is an inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in decreased rilpivirine serum concentrations and impaired virologic response. (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering tenofovir, PMPA, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, concurrently with inhibitors of P-gp, such as etravirine. Coadministration may result in increased absorption of tenofovir. Monitor for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions.
Famotidine: (Moderate) Coadministration with famotidine may significantly decrease rilpivirine plasma concentrations, potentially resulting in treatment failure. To decrease the risk of virologic failure, avoid use of famotidine for at least 12 hours before and at least 4 hours after administering rilpivirine.
Fedratinib: (Moderate) Monitor for increased rilpivirine adverse effects if administered with fedratinib. Coadministration may increase rilpivirine exposure. Rilpivirine is a CYP3A4 substrate; fedratinib is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Fenoprofen: (Moderate) Avoid administering tenofovir, PMPA concurrently with or recently after a nephrotoxic agent, such as high-dose or multiple nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Cases of acute renal failure, some requiring hospitalization and renal replacement therapy, have been reported after high-dose or multiple NSAIDs were initiated in patients who appeared stable on tenofovir. Consider alternatives to NSAIDs in patients at risk for renal dysfunction. If these drugs must be coadministered, carefully monitor the estimated creatinine creatinine, serum phosphorus, urine glucose, and urine protein prior to, and periodically during, treatment. (Moderate) Monitor for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) or emtricitabine-related adverse events during concomitant use. Concomitant use may increase NSAID or emtricitabine concentrations. Coadministration of drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion, such as NSAIDs and emtricitabine, may increase the risk of adverse reactions.
Fexinidazole: (Major) Concomitant use of fexinidazole and rilpivirine increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose.
Fingolimod: (Moderate) Exercise caution when administering fingolimod concomitantly with rilpivirine as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Fingolimod initiation results in decreased heart rate and may prolong the QT interval. Fingolimod has not been studied in patients treated with drugs that prolong the QT interval, but drugs that prolong the QT interval have been associated with cases of TdP in patients with bradycardia. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation.
Flecainide: (Major) Concomitant use of rilpivirine and flecainide increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose.
Fluconazole: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of fluconazole and rilpivirine is contraindicated due to the risk of life threatening arrhythmias such as torsade de pointes (TdP). Fluconazole is an inhibitor of CYP3A4, an isoenzyme responsible for the metabolism of rilpivirine. These drugs used in combination may result in elevated rilpivirine plasma concentrations, causing an increased risk for adverse events, such as QT prolongation. Additionally, fluconazole has been associated with prolongation of the QT interval; do not use with other drugs that may prolong the QT interval and are metabolized through CYP3A4, such as rilpivirine.
Fluoxetine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of fluoxetine and rilpivirine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose.
Fluphenazine: (Minor) Caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with fluphenazine as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Fluphenazine is associated with a possible risk for QT prolongation. Theoretically, fluphenazine may increase the risk of QT prolongation if coadministered with other drugs that have a risk of QT prolongation.
Flurbiprofen: (Moderate) Avoid administering tenofovir, PMPA concurrently with or recently after a nephrotoxic agent, such as high-dose or multiple nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Cases of acute renal failure, some requiring hospitalization and renal replacement therapy, have been reported after high-dose or multiple NSAIDs were initiated in patients who appeared stable on tenofovir. Consider alternatives to NSAIDs in patients at risk for renal dysfunction. If these drugs must be coadministered, carefully monitor the estimated creatinine creatinine, serum phosphorus, urine glucose, and urine protein prior to, and periodically during, treatment. (Moderate) Monitor for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) or emtricitabine-related adverse events during concomitant use. Concomitant use may increase NSAID or emtricitabine concentrations. Coadministration of drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion, such as NSAIDs and emtricitabine, may increase the risk of adverse reactions.
Flutamide: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering flutamide with rilpivirine due to the potential for rilpivirine treatment failure. Although this interaction has not been studied, predictions can be made based on metabolic pathways. Flutamide is an inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in decreased rilpivirine serum concentrations and impaired virologic response.
Fluvoxamine: (Major) There may be an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) during concurrent use of fluvoxamine and rilpivirine. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Cases of QT prolongation and TdP have been reported during postmarketing use of fluvoxamine. In addition, fluvoxamine is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4 and rilpivirine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration may result in increased rilpivirine plasma concentrations.
Fosamprenavir: (Moderate) Coadministration of rilpivirine with fosamprenavir may result in increased plasma concentrations of rilpivirine, leading to an increase in rilpivirine-related adverse effects. Rilpivirine is a CYP3A substrate and fosamprenavir is a moderate CYP3A inhibitor.
Foscarnet: (Major) When possible, avoid concurrent use of foscarnet with other drugs known to prolong the QT interval, such as rilpivirine. Foscarnet has been associated with postmarketing reports of both QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. If these drugs are administered together, obtain an electrocardiogram and electrolyte concentrations before and periodically during treatment. (Moderate) Monitor for changes in serum creatinine and adverse reactions, such as lactic acidosis or hepatotoxicity if emtricitabine is administered in combination with nephrotoxic agents, such as foscarnet. Consider the potential for drug interaction prior to and during concurrent use of these medications. Both emtricitabine and foscarnet are excreted via the kidneys by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. While no drug interactions due to competition for renal excretion have been observed, coadministration of these medications may increase concentrations of both drugs. (Moderate) Monitor for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus if tenofovir is administered in combination with nephrotoxic agents, such as foscarnet. Tenofovir is primarily excreted via the kidneys by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. While no drug interactions due to competition for renal excretion have been observed, coadministration of tenofovir with drugs that are eliminated by active tubular secretion may increase concentrations of tenofovir, and/or the co-administered drug. Drugs that decrease renal function may increase concentrations of tenofovir. Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir; a majority of the cases occurred in patients who had underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Tenofovir containing products should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Fosphenytoin: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of phenytoin or fosphenytoin and rilpivirine is contraindicated. When these drugs are coadministered, there is a potential for treatment failure and/or the development of rilpivirine or NNRTI resistance. Phenytoin is a potent inducer of CYP3A4, which is primarily responsible for the metabolism of rilpivirine. Coadministration may result in decreased rilpivirine serum concentrations, which could cause impaired virologic response to rilpivirine.
Fostamatinib: (Moderate) Monitor for tenofovir toxicities that may require tenofovir disoproxil dose reduction if given concurrently with fostamatinib. Concomitant use of fostamatinib with a BCRP or P-gp substrate may increase the concentration of the BCRP or P-gp substrate. Fostamatinib is a P-gp inhibitor, and the active metabolite of fostamatinib, R406, is a BCRP inhibitor; tenofovir disoproxil is a substrate for BCRP and P-gp. Coadministration of fostamatinib with another BCRP substrate increased the substrate AUC by 95% and Cmax by 88%. Coadministration of fostamatinib with another P-gp substrate increased the substrate AUC by 37% and Cmax by 70%.
Fostemsavir: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with fostemsavir due to the potential for QT prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of fostemsavir (2,400 mg twice daily, four times the recommended daily dose) have been shown to cause QT prolongation. Fostemsavir causes dose-dependent QT prolongation.
Futibatinib: (Moderate) Coadministration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with futibatinib may result in increased plasma concentrations of tenofovir, leading to an increase in tenofovir-related adverse effects. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a P-gp and BCRP substrate and futibatinib is a P-gp and BCRP inhibitor.
Ganciclovir: (Moderate) Concurrent use of nephrotoxic agents with ganciclovir should be done cautiously to avoid additive nephrotoxicity. Other nephrotoxic agents include tenofovir. (Moderate) Monitor for changes in serum creatinine and adverse reactions, such as lactic acidosis or hepatotoxicity if emtricitabine is administered in combination with nephrotoxic agents, such as ganciclovir. Consider the potential for drug interaction prior to and during concurrent use of these medications. Both emtricitabine and ganciclovir are excreted via the kidneys by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. While no drug interactions due to competition for renal excretion have been observed, coadministration of these medications may increase concentrations of both drugs.
Gemifloxacin: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with gemifloxacin as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Gemifloxacin may prolong the QT interval in some patients. The maximal change in the QTc interval occurs approximately 5 to 10 hours following oral administration of gemifloxacin. The likelihood of QTc prolongation may increase with increasing dose of the drug; therefore, the recommended dose should not be exceeded especially in patients with renal or hepatic impairment where the Cmax and AUC are slightly higher.
Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin: (Moderate) Use gemtuzumab ozogamicin and rilpivirine together with caution due to the potential for additive QT interval prolongation and risk of torsade de pointes (TdP). If these agents are used together, obtain an ECG and serum electrolytes prior to the start of gemtuzumab and as needed during treatment. Although QT interval prolongation has not been reported with gemtuzumab, it has been reported with other drugs that contain calicheamicin. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation.
Gentamicin: (Moderate) Monitor for changes in serum creatinine and adverse reactions, such as lactic acidosis or hepatotoxicity if emtricitabine is administered in combination with nephrotoxic agents, such as aminoglycosides. Consider the potential for drug interaction prior to and during concurrent use of these medications. Both emtricitabine and aminoglycosides are excreted via the kidneys by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. While no drug interactions due to competition for renal excretion have been observed, coadministration of these medications may increase concentrations of both drugs. (Moderate) Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Gilteritinib: (Moderate) Coadministration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with gilteritinib may result in increased plasma concentrations of tenofovir, leading to an increase in tenofovir-related adverse effects. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a substrate of P-gp and BCRP and gilteritinib is a P-gp and BCRP inhibitor. (Moderate) Use caution and monitor for additive QT prolongation if concurrent use of gilteritinib and rilpivirine is necessary. Gilteritinib has been associated with QT prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation.
Glasdegib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of glasdegib with rilpivirine due to the potential for additive QT prolongation. If coadministration cannot be avoided, monitor patients for increased risk of QT prolongation with increased frequency of ECG monitoring. Glasdegib therapy may result in QT prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias including ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation.
Goserelin: (Moderate) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving rilpivirine as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Granisetron: (Moderate) Use granisetron with caution in combination with rilpivirine due to the risk of QT prolongation. Granisetron has been associated with QT prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation.
Grapefruit juice: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering tenofovir, PMPA, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, concurrently with inhibitors of P-gp, such as grapefruit juice. Coadministration may result in increased absorption of tenofovir. Monitor for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions. (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering grapefruit juice with rilpivirine due to an increased potential for rilpivirine-related adverse events. Although this interaction has not been studied, predictions can be made based on metabolic pathways. Grapefruit juice is an inhibitor of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in increased rilpivirine plasma concentrations.
Halogenated Anesthetics: (Major) Halogenated anesthetics should be used cautiously and with close monitoring with rilpivirine. Halogenated anesthetics can prolong the QT interval. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation; caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with other drugs that may prolong the QT or PR interval.
Haloperidol: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with haloperidol as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) have been observed during haloperidol treatment. Excessive doses (particularly in the overdose setting) or IV administration of haloperidol may be associated with a higher risk of QT prolongation.
Histrelin: (Moderate) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., histrelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving rilpivirine as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Hydrocodone; Ibuprofen: (Moderate) Avoid administering tenofovir, PMPA concurrently with or recently after a nephrotoxic agent, such as high-dose or multiple nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Cases of acute renal failure, some requiring hospitalization and renal replacement therapy, have been reported after high-dose or multiple NSAIDs were initiated in patients who appeared stable on tenofovir. Consider alternatives to NSAIDs in patients at risk for renal dysfunction. If these drugs must be coadministered, carefully monitor the estimated creatinine creatinine, serum phosphorus, urine glucose, and urine protein prior to, and periodically during, treatment. (Moderate) Monitor for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) or emtricitabine-related adverse events during concomitant use. Concomitant use may increase NSAID or emtricitabine concentrations. Coadministration of drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion, such as NSAIDs and emtricitabine, may increase the risk of adverse reactions.
Hydroxychloroquine: (Major) Concomitant use of rilpivirine and hydroxychloroquine increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose.
Hydroxyzine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydroxyzine and rilpivirine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose.
Hyoscyamine; Methenamine; Methylene Blue; Phenyl Salicylate; Sodium Biphosphate: (Major) Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents, like salicylates should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Ibuprofen: (Moderate) Avoid administering tenofovir, PMPA concurrently with or recently after a nephrotoxic agent, such as high-dose or multiple nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Cases of acute renal failure, some requiring hospitalization and renal replacement therapy, have been reported after high-dose or multiple NSAIDs were initiated in patients who appeared stable on tenofovir. Consider alternatives to NSAIDs in patients at risk for renal dysfunction. If these drugs must be coadministered, carefully monitor the estimated creatinine creatinine, serum phosphorus, urine glucose, and urine protein prior to, and periodically during, treatment. (Moderate) Monitor for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) or emtricitabine-related adverse events during concomitant use. Concomitant use may increase NSAID or emtricitabine concentrations. Coadministration of drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion, such as NSAIDs and emtricitabine, may increase the risk of adverse reactions.
Ibuprofen; Famotidine: (Moderate) Avoid administering tenofovir, PMPA concurrently with or recently after a nephrotoxic agent, such as high-dose or multiple nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Cases of acute renal failure, some requiring hospitalization and renal replacement therapy, have been reported after high-dose or multiple NSAIDs were initiated in patients who appeared stable on tenofovir. Consider alternatives to NSAIDs in patients at risk for renal dysfunction. If these drugs must be coadministered, carefully monitor the estimated creatinine creatinine, serum phosphorus, urine glucose, and urine protein prior to, and periodically during, treatment. (Moderate) Coadministration with famotidine may significantly decrease rilpivirine plasma concentrations, potentially resulting in treatment failure. To decrease the risk of virologic failure, avoid use of famotidine for at least 12 hours before and at least 4 hours after administering rilpivirine. (Moderate) Monitor for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) or emtricitabine-related adverse events during concomitant use. Concomitant use may increase NSAID or emtricitabine concentrations. Coadministration of drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion, such as NSAIDs and emtricitabine, may increase the risk of adverse reactions.
Ibuprofen; Oxycodone: (Moderate) Avoid administering tenofovir, PMPA concurrently with or recently after a nephrotoxic agent, such as high-dose or multiple nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Cases of acute renal failure, some requiring hospitalization and renal replacement therapy, have been reported after high-dose or multiple NSAIDs were initiated in patients who appeared stable on tenofovir. Consider alternatives to NSAIDs in patients at risk for renal dysfunction. If these drugs must be coadministered, carefully monitor the estimated creatinine creatinine, serum phosphorus, urine glucose, and urine protein prior to, and periodically during, treatment. (Moderate) Monitor for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) or emtricitabine-related adverse events during concomitant use. Concomitant use may increase NSAID or emtricitabine concentrations. Coadministration of drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion, such as NSAIDs and emtricitabine, may increase the risk of adverse reactions.
Ibuprofen; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Avoid administering tenofovir, PMPA concurrently with or recently after a nephrotoxic agent, such as high-dose or multiple nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Cases of acute renal failure, some requiring hospitalization and renal replacement therapy, have been reported after high-dose or multiple NSAIDs were initiated in patients who appeared stable on tenofovir. Consider alternatives to NSAIDs in patients at risk for renal dysfunction. If these drugs must be coadministered, carefully monitor the estimated creatinine creatinine, serum phosphorus, urine glucose, and urine protein prior to, and periodically during, treatment. (Moderate) Monitor for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) or emtricitabine-related adverse events during concomitant use. Concomitant use may increase NSAID or emtricitabine concentrations. Coadministration of drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion, such as NSAIDs and emtricitabine, may increase the risk of adverse reactions.
Ibutilide: (Major) Ibutilide administration can cause QT prolongation and torsades de pointes (TdP); proarrhythmic events should be anticipated. The potential for proarrhythmic events with ibutilide increases with the coadministration of other drugs that prolong the QT interval, such as rilpivirine. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation; caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with other drugs that may prolong the QT or PR interval.
Idelalisib: (Moderate) Coadministration of rilpivirine with idelalisib may result in increased plasma concentrations of rilpivirine, leading to an increase in rilpivirine-related adverse effects. Rilpivirine is a CYP3A substrate and idelalisib is a strong CYP3A inhibitor.
Iloperidone: (Major) Iloperidone has been associated with QT prolongation; however, torsade de pointes (TdP) has not been reported. According to the manufacturer, since iloperidone may prolong the QT interval, it should be avoided in combination with other agents also known to have this effect, such as rilpivirine. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation.
Imatinib: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering imatinib, STI-571 with rilpivirine due to an increased potential for rilpivirine-related adverse events. Although this interaction has not been studied, predictions can be made based on metabolic pathways. Imatinib is an inhibitor of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in increased rilpivirine plasma concentrations.
Indinavir: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering indinavir with rilpivirine due to an increased potential for rilpivirine-related adverse events. Predictions about the interaction can be made based on metabolic pathways. Indinavir is an inhibitor of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in increased rilpivirine plasma concentrations.
Indomethacin: (Moderate) Avoid administering tenofovir, PMPA concurrently with or recently after a nephrotoxic agent, such as high-dose or multiple nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Cases of acute renal failure, some requiring hospitalization and renal replacement therapy, have been reported after high-dose or multiple NSAIDs were initiated in patients who appeared stable on tenofovir. Consider alternatives to NSAIDs in patients at risk for renal dysfunction. If these drugs must be coadministered, carefully monitor the estimated creatinine creatinine, serum phosphorus, urine glucose, and urine protein prior to, and periodically during, treatment. (Moderate) Monitor for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) or emtricitabine-related adverse events during concomitant use. Concomitant use may increase NSAID or emtricitabine concentrations. Coadministration of drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion, such as NSAIDs and emtricitabine, may increase the risk of adverse reactions.
Inotuzumab Ozogamicin: (Major) Avoid coadministration of inotuzumab ozogamicin with rilpivirine due to the potential for additive QT prolongation and risk of torsade de pointes (TdP). If coadministration is unavoidable, obtain an ECG and serum electrolytes prior to the start of treatment, after treatment initiation, and periodically during treatment. Inotuzumab has been associated with QT interval prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation.
Interferon Alfa-2b: (Moderate) Use together with caution and monitor for hepatic decompensation. Interferons and anti-retroviral nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) can both cause hepatotoxicity. Patients with chronic, cirrhotic HCV co-infected with HIV receiving NRTIs and alpha interferons appear to be at increased risk for hepatic decompensation (e.g., Childs-Pugh score 6 or more) compared to patients not receiving HAART. (Moderate) Use together with caution and monitor for hepatic decompensation. Interferons and rilpivirine can both cause hepatotoxicity. Patients with chronic, cirrhotic HCV co-infected with HIV receiving antiretroviral agents and alpha interferons appear to be at increased risk for hepatic decompensation (e.g., Childs-Pugh score 6 or more) compared to patients not receiving HAART.
Interferon Alfa-n3: (Moderate) Use together with caution and monitor for hepatic decompensation. Interferons and anti-retroviral nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) can both cause hepatotoxicity. Patients with chronic, cirrhotic HCV co-infected with HIV receiving NRTIs and alpha interferons appear to be at increased risk for hepatic decompensation (e.g., Childs-Pugh score 6 or more) compared to patients not receiving HAART. (Moderate) Use together with caution and monitor for hepatic decompensation. Interferons and rilpivirine can both cause hepatotoxicity. Patients with chronic, cirrhotic HCV co-infected with HIV receiving antiretroviral agents and alpha interferons appear to be at increased risk for hepatic decompensation (e.g., Childs-Pugh score 6 or more) compared to patients not receiving HAART.
Interferon Beta-1a: (Moderate) Use together with caution and monitor for hepatic decompensation. Interferons and anti-retroviral nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) can both cause hepatotoxicity. Patients with chronic, cirrhotic HCV co-infected with HIV receiving NRTIs and alpha interferons appear to be at increased risk for hepatic decompensation (e.g., Childs-Pugh score 6 or more) compared to patients not receiving HAART. (Moderate) Use together with caution and monitor for hepatic decompensation. Interferons and rilpivirine can both cause hepatotoxicity. Patients with chronic, cirrhotic HCV co-infected with HIV receiving antiretroviral agents and alpha interferons appear to be at increased risk for hepatic decompensation (e.g., Childs-Pugh score 6 or more) compared to patients not receiving HAART.
Interferon Beta-1b: (Moderate) Use together with caution and monitor for hepatic decompensation. Interferons and anti-retroviral nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) can both cause hepatotoxicity. Patients with chronic, cirrhotic HCV co-infected with HIV receiving NRTIs and alpha interferons appear to be at increased risk for hepatic decompensation (e.g., Childs-Pugh score 6 or more) compared to patients not receiving HAART. (Moderate) Use together with caution and monitor for hepatic decompensation. Interferons and rilpivirine can both cause hepatotoxicity. Patients with chronic, cirrhotic HCV co-infected with HIV receiving antiretroviral agents and alpha interferons appear to be at increased risk for hepatic decompensation (e.g., Childs-Pugh score 6 or more) compared to patients not receiving HAART.
Interferon Gamma-1b: (Moderate) Use together with caution and monitor for hepatic decompensation. Interferons and anti-retroviral nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) can both cause hepatotoxicity. Patients with chronic, cirrhotic HCV co-infected with HIV receiving NRTIs and alpha interferons appear to be at increased risk for hepatic decompensation (e.g., Childs-Pugh score 6 or more) compared to patients not receiving HAART. (Moderate) Use together with caution and monitor for hepatic decompensation. Interferons and rilpivirine can both cause hepatotoxicity. Patients with chronic, cirrhotic HCV co-infected with HIV receiving antiretroviral agents and alpha interferons appear to be at increased risk for hepatic decompensation (e.g., Childs-Pugh score 6 or more) compared to patients not receiving HAART.
Interferons: (Moderate) Use together with caution and monitor for hepatic decompensation. Interferons and anti-retroviral nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) can both cause hepatotoxicity. Patients with chronic, cirrhotic HCV co-infected with HIV receiving NRTIs and alpha interferons appear to be at increased risk for hepatic decompensation (e.g., Childs-Pugh score 6 or more) compared to patients not receiving HAART. (Moderate) Use together with caution and monitor for hepatic decompensation. Interferons and rilpivirine can both cause hepatotoxicity. Patients with chronic, cirrhotic HCV co-infected with HIV receiving antiretroviral agents and alpha interferons appear to be at increased risk for hepatic decompensation (e.g., Childs-Pugh score 6 or more) compared to patients not receiving HAART.
Iodixanol: (Moderate) Tenofovir-containing products should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent, such as radiopaque contrast agents. Tenofovir is primarily excreted via the kidneys by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. Coadministration of tenofovir with drugs that are eliminated by active tubular secretion may increase concentrations of tenofovir and/or the co-administered drug. Drugs that decrease renal function may also increase concentrations of tenofovir. Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Monitor patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Iohexol: (Moderate) Tenofovir-containing products should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent, such as radiopaque contrast agents. Tenofovir is primarily excreted via the kidneys by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. Coadministration of tenofovir with drugs that are eliminated by active tubular secretion may increase concentrations of tenofovir and/or the co-administered drug. Drugs that decrease renal function may also increase concentrations of tenofovir. Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Monitor patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Iomeprol: (Moderate) Tenofovir-containing products should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent, such as radiopaque contrast agents. Tenofovir is primarily excreted via the kidneys by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. Coadministration of tenofovir with drugs that are eliminated by active tubular secretion may increase concentrations of tenofovir and/or the co-administered drug. Drugs that decrease renal function may also increase concentrations of tenofovir. Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Monitor patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Iopamidol: (Moderate) Tenofovir-containing products should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent, such as radiopaque contrast agents. Tenofovir is primarily excreted via the kidneys by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. Coadministration of tenofovir with drugs that are eliminated by active tubular secretion may increase concentrations of tenofovir and/or the co-administered drug. Drugs that decrease renal function may also increase concentrations of tenofovir. Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Monitor patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Iopromide: (Moderate) Tenofovir-containing products should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent, such as radiopaque contrast agents. Tenofovir is primarily excreted via the kidneys by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. Coadministration of tenofovir with drugs that are eliminated by active tubular secretion may increase concentrations of tenofovir and/or the co-administered drug. Drugs that decrease renal function may also increase concentrations of tenofovir. Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Monitor patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Ioversol: (Moderate) Tenofovir-containing products should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent, such as radiopaque contrast agents. Tenofovir is primarily excreted via the kidneys by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. Coadministration of tenofovir with drugs that are eliminated by active tubular secretion may increase concentrations of tenofovir and/or the co-administered drug. Drugs that decrease renal function may also increase concentrations of tenofovir. Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Monitor patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Isavuconazonium: (Moderate) Concomitant use of isavuconazonium with rilpivirine may result in increased serum concentrations of rilpivirine. Rilpivirine is a substrate of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; isavuconazole, the active moiety of isavuconazonium, is a moderate inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are used together.
Isoflurane: (Major) Halogenated anesthetics should be used cautiously and with close monitoring with rilpivirine. Halogenated anesthetics can prolong the QT interval. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation; caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with other drugs that may prolong the QT or PR interval.
Isoniazid, INH; Pyrazinamide, PZA; Rifampin: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of rifampin and rilpivirine is contraindicated; when these drugs are coadministered, there is a potential for treatment failure and/or the development of rilpivirine or NNRTI resistance. Rifampin is a potent inducer of CYP3A4, which is primarily responsible for the metabolism of rilpivirine. Coadministration may result in decreased rilpivirine serum concentrations, which could cause impaired virologic response to rilpivirine.
Isoniazid, INH; Rifampin: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of rifampin and rilpivirine is contraindicated; when these drugs are coadministered, there is a potential for treatment failure and/or the development of rilpivirine or NNRTI resistance. Rifampin is a potent inducer of CYP3A4, which is primarily responsible for the metabolism of rilpivirine. Coadministration may result in decreased rilpivirine serum concentrations, which could cause impaired virologic response to rilpivirine.
Isosulfan Blue: (Moderate) Tenofovir-containing products should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent, such as radiopaque contrast agents. Tenofovir is primarily excreted via the kidneys by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. Coadministration of tenofovir with drugs that are eliminated by active tubular secretion may increase concentrations of tenofovir and/or the co-administered drug. Drugs that decrease renal function may also increase concentrations of tenofovir. Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Monitor patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Istradefylline: (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in tenofovir-related adverse reactions if coadministration with istradefylline is necessary as concurrent use may increase tenofovir exposure. Tenofovir is a P-gp substrate and istradefylline is a P-gp inhibitor.
Itraconazole: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering itraconazole with rilpivirine due to the potential for additive effects on the QT interval, increased exposure to rilpivirine, and decreased exposure to itraconazole. Monitor for breakthrough fungal infections in patients receiving rilpivirine with an azole antifungal. Rilpivirine, a CYP3A4 substrate, and itraconazole, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, are both associated with QT prolongation; rilpivirine dosage adjustments are not recommended. In addition, concurrent use of rilpivirine decreased exposure to another azole antifungal. A similar interaction may occur with itraconazole. (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering tenofovir, PMPA, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) substrate, concurrently with inhibitors of P-gp and BCRP, such as itraconazole. Coadministration may result in increased absorption of tenofovir. Monitor for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions.
Ivacaftor: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering tenofovir, PMPA, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, concurrently with inhibitors of P-gp, such as ivacaftor. Coadministration may result in increased absorption of tenofovir. Monitor for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions.
Ivosidenib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of ivosidenib with rilpivirine due to an increased risk of QT prolongation. If concomitant use is unavoidable, monitor ECGs for QTc prolongation and monitor electrolytes; correct any electrolyte abnormalities as clinically appropriate. An interruption of therapy and dose reduction of ivosidenib may be necessary if QT prolongation occurs. Prolongation of the QTc interval and ventricular arrhythmias have been reported in patients treated with ivosidenib. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation.
Ketoconazole: (Contraindicated) Avoid concomitant use of ketoconazole and rilpivirine due to an increased risk for torsade de pointes (TdP) and QT/QTc prolongation. Concomitant use may also increase the exposure of rilpivirine, further increasing the risk for adverse effects. Rilpivirine is a CYP3A substrate and ketoconazole is a strong CYP3A inhibitor. (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in tenofovir-related adverse effects if coadministration with ketoconazole is necessary. Concurrent use may increase tenofovir exposure. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a P-gp substrate and ketoconazole is a P-gp inhibitor.
Ketoprofen: (Moderate) Avoid administering tenofovir, PMPA concurrently with or recently after a nephrotoxic agent, such as high-dose or multiple nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Cases of acute renal failure, some requiring hospitalization and renal replacement therapy, have been reported after high-dose or multiple NSAIDs were initiated in patients who appeared stable on tenofovir. Consider alternatives to NSAIDs in patients at risk for renal dysfunction. If these drugs must be coadministered, carefully monitor the estimated creatinine creatinine, serum phosphorus, urine glucose, and urine protein prior to, and periodically during, treatment. (Moderate) Monitor for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) or emtricitabine-related adverse events during concomitant use. Concomitant use may increase NSAID or emtricitabine concentrations. Coadministration of drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion, such as NSAIDs and emtricitabine, may increase the risk of adverse reactions.
Ketorolac: (Moderate) Avoid administering tenofovir, PMPA concurrently with or recently after a nephrotoxic agent, such as high-dose or multiple nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Cases of acute renal failure, some requiring hospitalization and renal replacement therapy, have been reported after high-dose or multiple NSAIDs were initiated in patients who appeared stable on tenofovir. Consider alternatives to NSAIDs in patients at risk for renal dysfunction. If these drugs must be coadministered, carefully monitor the estimated creatinine creatinine, serum phosphorus, urine glucose, and urine protein prior to, and periodically during, treatment. (Moderate) Monitor for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) or emtricitabine-related adverse events during concomitant use. Concomitant use may increase NSAID or emtricitabine concentrations. Coadministration of drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion, such as NSAIDs and emtricitabine, may increase the risk of adverse reactions.
Lamivudine, 3TC: (Major) Do not coadminister lamivudine, 3TC-containing products and emtricitabine-containing products due to similarities between emtricitabine and lamivudine.
Lamivudine, 3TC; Zidovudine, ZDV: (Major) Do not coadminister lamivudine, 3TC-containing products and emtricitabine-containing products due to similarities between emtricitabine and lamivudine.
Lamivudine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Major) Do not coadminister lamivudine, 3TC-containing products and emtricitabine-containing products due to similarities between emtricitabine and lamivudine.
Lansoprazole: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of proton pump inhibitors and rilpivirine is contraindicated; when these drugs are coadministered, there is a potential for treatment failure and/or the development of rilpivirine or NNRTI resistance. Proton pump inhibitors inhibit secretion of gastric acid by proton pumps thereby increasing the gastric pH; for optimal absorption, rilpivirine requires an acidic environment. Coadministration of a proton pump inhibitor and rilpivirine may result in decreased rilpivirine absorption/serum concentrations, which could cause impaired virologic response to rilpivirine.
Lansoprazole; Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of proton pump inhibitors and rilpivirine is contraindicated; when these drugs are coadministered, there is a potential for treatment failure and/or the development of rilpivirine or NNRTI resistance. Proton pump inhibitors inhibit secretion of gastric acid by proton pumps thereby increasing the gastric pH; for optimal absorption, rilpivirine requires an acidic environment. Coadministration of a proton pump inhibitor and rilpivirine may result in decreased rilpivirine absorption/serum concentrations, which could cause impaired virologic response to rilpivirine. (Major) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering clarithromycin with rilpivirine due to an increased potential for rilpivirine-related adverse events. When possible, alternative antibiotics should be considered. Predictions about the interaction can be made based on metabolic pathways. Clarithromycin is an inhibitor of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in increased rilpivirine plasma concentrations. Also, supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation; caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with other drugs that may prolong the QT or PR interval, such as clarithromycin. (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering tenofovir, PMPA, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, concurrently with inhibitors of P-gp, such as clarithromycin. Coadministration may result in increased absorption of tenofovir. Monitor for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions.
Lapatinib: (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in tenofovir-related adverse reactions if coadministration with lapatinib is necessary. Tenofovir is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate and lapatinib is a P-gp inhibitor. Increased plasma concentrations of tenofovir may occur. (Moderate) Monitor for evidence of QT prolongation if lapatinib is administered with rilpivirine. Lapatinib has been associated with concentration-dependent QT prolongation; ventricular arrhythmias and torsade de pointes (TdP) have been reported in postmarketing experience with lapatinib. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation.
Lasmiditan: (Moderate) Coadministration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with lasmiditan may result in increased plasma concentrations of tenofovir, leading to an increase in tenofovir-related adverse effects. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a P-gp substrate and lasmiditan is a P-gp inhibitor.
Ledipasvir; Sofosbuvir: (Moderate) Closely monitor for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions if ledipasvir is administered with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. In addition, because safety has not been established, avoid use of ledipasvir in combination with HIV regimens that contain tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and HIV protease inhibitors boosted with ritonavir. Consider use of tenofovir alafenamide in place of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. If coadministration is deemed necessary, closely monitor for tenofovir adverse effects. Plasma concentrations of tenofovir may increase when administered with ledipasvir. Tenofovir is a substrate of the drug transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP); ledipasvir is an inhibitor of both P-gp and BCRP.
Lefamulin: (Major) Avoid coadministration of lefamulin with rilpivirine as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. If coadministration cannot be avoided, monitor ECG during treatment. Lefamulin has a concentration dependent QTc prolongation effect. The pharmacodynamic interaction potential to prolong the QT interval of the electrocardiogram between lefamulin and other drugs that effect cardiac conduction is unknown. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation.
Lenacapavir: (Moderate) Coadministration of rilpivirine with lenacapavir may result in increased plasma concentrations of rilpivirine, leading to an increase in rilpivirine-related adverse effects. Rilpivirine is a CYP3A substrate and lenacapavir is a moderate CYP3A inhibitor.
Leniolisib: (Moderate) Coadministration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with leniolisib may result in increased plasma concentrations of tenofovir, leading to an increase in tenofovir-related adverse effects. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a BCRP substrate and leniolisib is a BCRP inhibitor.
Lenvatinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of lenvatinib with rilpivirine due to the risk of QT prolongation. Prolongation of the QT interval has been reported with lenvatinib therapy. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have also caused QT prolongation.
Letermovir: (Moderate) A clinically relevant increase in the plasma concentration of rilpivirine may occur if given with letermovir. In patients who are also receiving treatment with cyclosporine, the magnitude of this interaction may be amplified. Rilpivirine is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4. Letermovir is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor; however, when given with cyclosporine, the combined effect on CYP3A4 substrates may be similar to a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Leuprolide: (Moderate) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., leuprolide) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving rilpivirine as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Leuprolide; Norethindrone: (Moderate) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., leuprolide) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving rilpivirine as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Levofloxacin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and rilpivirine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose.
Levoketoconazole: (Contraindicated) Avoid concomitant use of ketoconazole and rilpivirine due to an increased risk for torsade de pointes (TdP) and QT/QTc prolongation. Concomitant use may also increase the exposure of rilpivirine, further increasing the risk for adverse effects. Rilpivirine is a CYP3A substrate and ketoconazole is a strong CYP3A inhibitor. (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in tenofovir-related adverse effects if coadministration with ketoconazole is necessary. Concurrent use may increase tenofovir exposure. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a P-gp substrate and ketoconazole is a P-gp inhibitor.
Lithium: (Moderate) Concomitant use of lithium and rilpivirine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose.
Lofexidine: (Major) Monitor ECG if lofexidine is coadministered with rilpivirine due to the potential for additive QT prolongation. Lofexidine prolongs the QT interval. In addition, there are postmarketing reports of torsade de pointes. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation; caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with other drugs that may prolong the QT or PR interval.
Lonafarnib: (Moderate) Coadministration of rilpivirine with lonafarnib may result in increased plasma concentrations of rilpivirine, leading to an increase in rilpivirine-related adverse effects. Rilpivirine is a CYP3A4 substrate and lonafarnib is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. (Moderate) Coadministration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with lonafarnib may result in increased plasma concentrations of tenofovir, leading to an increase in tenofovir-related adverse effects. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate and lonafarnib is a P-gp inhibitor.
Loperamide: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with loperamide as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. At high doses, loperamide has been associated with serious cardiac toxicities, including syncope, ventricular tachycardia, QT prolongation, torsade de pointes (TdP), and cardiac arrest.
Loperamide; Simethicone: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with loperamide as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. At high doses, loperamide has been associated with serious cardiac toxicities, including syncope, ventricular tachycardia, QT prolongation, torsade de pointes (TdP), and cardiac arrest.
Lopinavir; Ritonavir: (Major) Avoid coadministration of lopinavir with rilpivirine due to the potential for additive QT prolongation. If use together is necessary, obtain a baseline ECG to assess initial QT interval and determine frequency of subsequent ECG monitoring, avoid any non-essential QT prolonging drugs, and correct electrolyte imbalances. Lopinavir is associated with QT prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering tenofovir, PMPA, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) substrate, concurrently with inhibitors of P-gp and BCRP, such as ritonavir. Coadministration may result in increased absorption of tenofovir. Monitor for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions. (Minor) There are varying results in reports of an interaction between tenofovir and lopinavir; ritonavir. In one report, the concurrent administration of tenofovir with lopinavir; ritonavir increased tenofovir Cmax 31%, AUC 34%, and Cmin 29%, with slight (15%) decreases in lopinavir Cmax and AUC; the alterations may be a food effect rather than a drug-drug interaction. In another report, lopinavir; ritonavir (400 mg; 100 mg PO twice daily for 14 days) increased the tenofovir (300 mg/day PO) Cmin 51% and AUC 32%, with no effect seen on lopinavir; ritonavir pharmacokinetics. While the clinical significance of this interaction is unknown, and is suspected to be insignificant, patients receiving lopinavir; ritonavir with tenofovir should be monitored for tenofovir-associated adverse events.
Lorlatinib: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering lorlatinib with rilpivirine due to the potential for rilpivirine treatment failure. Although this interaction has not been studied, predictions can be made based on metabolic pathways. Lorlatinib is a moderate CYP3A4 inducer and rilpivirine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration may result in decreased rilpivirine serum concentrations and impaired virologic response.
Lumacaftor; Ivacaftor: (Contraindicated) Concomitant use of lumacaftor; ivacaftor and rilpivirine is contraindicated, as significant decreases in rilpivirine plasma concentrations may occur. This may result in loss of virologic response and possible resistance to rilpivirine or to the class of NNRTIs. Rilpivirine is primarily metabolize by CYP3A, and lumacaftor is a strong CYP3A inducer. (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering tenofovir, PMPA, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, concurrently with inhibitors of P-gp, such as ivacaftor. Coadministration may result in increased absorption of tenofovir. Monitor for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions.
Lumacaftor; Ivacaftor: (Contraindicated) Concomitant use of lumacaftor; ivacaftor and rilpivirine is contraindicated, as significant decreases in rilpivirine plasma concentrations may occur. This may result in loss of virologic response and possible resistance to rilpivirine or to the class of NNRTIs. Rilpivirine is primarily metabolize by CYP3A, and lumacaftor is a strong CYP3A inducer.
Macimorelin: (Major) Avoid concurrent administration of macimorelin with drugs that prolong the QT interval, such as rilpivirine. Use of these drugs together may increase the risk of developing torsade de pointes-type ventricular tachycardia. Sufficient washout time of drugs that are known to prolong the QT interval prior to administration of macimorelin is recommended. Treatment with macimorelin has been associated with an increase in the corrected QT (QTc) interval. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation.
Magnesium Hydroxide: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of rilpivirine and antacids may significantly decrease rilpivirine plasma concentrations, potentially resulting in treatment failure. To decrease the risk of virologic failure, avoid use of antacids for at least 2 hours before and at least 4 hours after administering rilpivirine.
Magnesium Salicylate: (Major) Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents, like salicylates should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Magnesium Salts: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of rilpivirine and antacids may significantly decrease rilpivirine plasma concentrations, potentially resulting in treatment failure. To decrease the risk of virologic failure, avoid use of antacids for at least 2 hours before and at least 4 hours after administering rilpivirine.
Maprotiline: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with maprotiline as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Maprotiline has also been reported to prolong the QT interval, particularly in overdose or with higher-dose prescription therapy (elevated serum concentrations). Cases of long QT syndrome and torsade de pointes (TdP) tachycardia have been described with maprotiline use, but rarely occur when the drug is used alone in normal prescribed doses and in the absence of other known risk factors for QT prolongation. Limited data are available regarding the safety of maprotiline in combination with other QT-prolonging drugs.
Maribavir: (Moderate) Coadministration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with maribavir may result in increased plasma concentrations of tenofovir, leading to an increase in tenofovir-related adverse effects. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a P-gp and BCRP substrate and maribavir is a P-gp and BCRP inhibitor.
Mavacamten: (Moderate) Coadministration of rilpivirine with mavacamten may result in decreased plasma concentrations of rilpivirine, leading to a reduction of antiretroviral efficacy and the potential development of viral resistance. Rilpivirine is a CYP3A substrate and mavacamten is a moderate CYP3A inducer.
Meclofenamate Sodium: (Moderate) Avoid administering tenofovir, PMPA concurrently with or recently after a nephrotoxic agent, such as high-dose or multiple nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Cases of acute renal failure, some requiring hospitalization and renal replacement therapy, have been reported after high-dose or multiple NSAIDs were initiated in patients who appeared stable on tenofovir. Consider alternatives to NSAIDs in patients at risk for renal dysfunction. If these drugs must be coadministered, carefully monitor the estimated creatinine creatinine, serum phosphorus, urine glucose, and urine protein prior to, and periodically during, treatment. (Moderate) Monitor for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) or emtricitabine-related adverse events during concomitant use. Concomitant use may increase NSAID or emtricitabine concentrations. Coadministration of drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion, such as NSAIDs and emtricitabine, may increase the risk of adverse reactions.
Mefenamic Acid: (Moderate) Avoid administering tenofovir, PMPA concurrently with or recently after a nephrotoxic agent, such as high-dose or multiple nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Cases of acute renal failure, some requiring hospitalization and renal replacement therapy, have been reported after high-dose or multiple NSAIDs were initiated in patients who appeared stable on tenofovir. Consider alternatives to NSAIDs in patients at risk for renal dysfunction. If these drugs must be coadministered, carefully monitor the estimated creatinine creatinine, serum phosphorus, urine glucose, and urine protein prior to, and periodically during, treatment. (Moderate) Monitor for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) or emtricitabine-related adverse events during concomitant use. Concomitant use may increase NSAID or emtricitabine concentrations. Coadministration of drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion, such as NSAIDs and emtricitabine, may increase the risk of adverse reactions.
Mefloquine: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering tenofovir, PMPA, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, concurrently with inhibitors of P-gp, such as mefloquine. Coadministration may result in increased absorption of tenofovir. Monitor for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions. (Moderate) Mefloquine should be used with caution in patients receiving rilpivirine as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. There is evidence that the use of halofantrine after mefloquine causes a significant lengthening of the QTc interval. Mefloquine alone has not been reported to cause QT prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation.
Meloxicam: (Moderate) Avoid administering tenofovir, PMPA concurrently with or recently after a nephrotoxic agent, such as high-dose or multiple nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Cases of acute renal failure, some requiring hospitalization and renal replacement therapy, have been reported after high-dose or multiple NSAIDs were initiated in patients who appeared stable on tenofovir. Consider alternatives to NSAIDs in patients at risk for renal dysfunction. If these drugs must be coadministered, carefully monitor the estimated creatinine creatinine, serum phosphorus, urine glucose, and urine protein prior to, and periodically during, treatment. (Moderate) Monitor for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) or emtricitabine-related adverse events during concomitant use. Concomitant use may increase NSAID or emtricitabine concentrations. Coadministration of drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion, such as NSAIDs and emtricitabine, may increase the risk of adverse reactions.
Methadone: (Major) Close clinical monitoring is advised with coadministration. Use of these drugs together may cause the plasma concentration of methadone to decrease, thereby resulting in decreased methadone efficacy. No dose adjustments are required when initiating concurrent treatment; however, the maintenance dose of methadone may need to be adjusted in some patients. In addition, due to the potential for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP), caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with methadone. A careful assessment of treatment risks versus benefits should be conducted prior to coadministration. When initiating concurrent treatment no dose adjustments are required; however, the dose of methadone may need to be adjusted during maintenance therapy. Methadone is considered to be associated with an increased risk for QT prolongation and TdP, especially at higher doses (> 200 mg/day but averaging approximately 400 mg/day in adult patients). Laboratory studies, both in vivo and in vitro, have demonstrated that methadone inhibits cardiac potassium channels and prolongs the QT interval. Most cases involve patients being treated for pain with large, multiple daily doses of methadone, although cases have been reported in patients receiving doses commonly used for maintenance treatment of opioid addiction. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have also been associated with prolongation of the QT interval.
Methenamine; Sodium Salicylate: (Major) Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents, like salicylates should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Methohexital: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering barbiturates with rilpivirine due to the potential for rilpivirine treatment failure. Although this interaction has not been studied, predictions can be made based on metabolic pathways. Barbiturates are inducers of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in decreased rilpivirine serum concentrations and impaired virologic response.
Methotrexate: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of methotrexate with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate due to the risk of additive nephrotoxicity as well as an increased risk of severe methotrexate-related adverse reactions. If concomitant use is unavoidable, closely monitor for adverse reactions. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and methotrexate are both nephrotoxic drugs; methotrexate is also renally eliminated. Coadministration of methotrexate with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate may result in decreased renal function as well as increased methotrexate plasma concentrations.
Metronidazole: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and rilpivirine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at three times the maximum recommended dose.
Midostaurin: (Major) The concomitant use of midostaurin and rilpivirine may lead to additive QT interval prolongation. If these drugs are used together, consider electrocardiogram monitoring. In clinical trials, QT prolongation has been reported in patients who received midostaurin as single-agent therapy or in combination with cytarabine and daunorubicin. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. (Moderate) Coadministration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with midostaurin may result in increased plasma concentrations of tenofovir, leading to an increase in tenofovir-related adverse effects. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a BCRP substrate and midostaurin is a BCRP inhibitor.
Mifepristone: (Major) Avoid use together if possible due to the risk of elevated rilpivirine exposure and a combined risk for QT prolongation. Consider alternatives to rilpivirine when coadministered with a drug with a known risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP), such as mifepristone when it is used for chronic hormonal conditions, such as Cushing's syndrome. Mifepristone is an inhibitor of CYP3A4; rilpivirine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration is likely to increase rilpivirine plasma concentrations. Monitor for rilpivirine-related side effects, including rash, mood changes or depression, fast, irregular heart rate, and hepatotoxicity. To minimize the risk of QT prolongation, the lowest effect dose of mifepristone should always be used.
Mirtazapine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of mirtazapine and rilpivirine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose.
Mitapivat: (Moderate) Coadministration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with mitapivat may result in increased plasma concentrations of tenofovir, leading to an increase in tenofovir-related adverse effects. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a P-gp substrate and mitapivat is a P-gp inhibitor.
Mitotane: (Major) Concomitant use of mitotane with rilpivirine should be undertaken with caution due to potential decreased rilpivirine concentrations, leading to a reduction of antiretroviral efficacy and the potential development of viral resistance. The use of rilpivirine is contraindicated with other specific strong CYP3A inducers, including carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, rifampin, rifapentine, and St John's wort. Mitotane is a strong CYP3A4 inducer and rilpivirine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration may result in decreased rilpivirine serum concentrations, which could cause impaired virologic response to rilpivirine.
Mobocertinib: (Major) Concomitant use of mobocertinib and rilpivirine increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose.
Modafinil: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering modafinil with rilpivirine due to the potential for rilpivirine treatment failure. Although this interaction has not been studied, predictions can be made based on metabolic pathways. Modafinil is an inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in decreased rilpivirine serum concentrations and impaired virologic response.
Momelotinib: (Moderate) Coadministration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with momelotinib may result in increased plasma concentrations of tenofovir, leading to an increase in tenofovir-related adverse effects. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a BCRP substrate and momelotinib is a BCRP inhibitor.
Moxifloxacin: (Major) Concurrent use of rilpivirine and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Moxifloxacin has also been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
Nabumetone: (Moderate) Avoid administering tenofovir, PMPA concurrently with or recently after a nephrotoxic agent, such as high-dose or multiple nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Cases of acute renal failure, some requiring hospitalization and renal replacement therapy, have been reported after high-dose or multiple NSAIDs were initiated in patients who appeared stable on tenofovir. Consider alternatives to NSAIDs in patients at risk for renal dysfunction. If these drugs must be coadministered, carefully monitor the estimated creatinine creatinine, serum phosphorus, urine glucose, and urine protein prior to, and periodically during, treatment. (Moderate) Monitor for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) or emtricitabine-related adverse events during concomitant use. Concomitant use may increase NSAID or emtricitabine concentrations. Coadministration of drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion, such as NSAIDs and emtricitabine, may increase the risk of adverse reactions.
Nafcillin: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering nafcillin with rilpivirine due to the potential for rilpivirine treatment failure. Although this interaction has not been studied, predictions can be made based on metabolic pathways. Nafcillin is an inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in decreased rilpivirine serum concentrations and impaired virologic response.
Naproxen: (Moderate) Avoid administering tenofovir, PMPA concurrently with or recently after a nephrotoxic agent, such as high-dose or multiple nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Cases of acute renal failure, some requiring hospitalization and renal replacement therapy, have been reported after high-dose or multiple NSAIDs were initiated in patients who appeared stable on tenofovir. Consider alternatives to NSAIDs in patients at risk for renal dysfunction. If these drugs must be coadministered, carefully monitor the estimated creatinine creatinine, serum phosphorus, urine glucose, and urine protein prior to, and periodically during, treatment. (Moderate) Monitor for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) or emtricitabine-related adverse events during concomitant use. Concomitant use may increase NSAID or emtricitabine concentrations. Coadministration of drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion, such as NSAIDs and emtricitabine, may increase the risk of adverse reactions.
Naproxen; Esomeprazole: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of proton pump inhibitors and rilpivirine is contraindicated; when these drugs are coadministered, there is a potential for treatment failure and/or the development of rilpivirine or NNRTI resistance. Proton pump inhibitors inhibit secretion of gastric acid by proton pumps thereby increasing the gastric pH; for optimal absorption, rilpivirine requires an acidic environment. Coadministration of a proton pump inhibitor and rilpivirine may result in decreased rilpivirine absorption/serum concentrations, which could cause impaired virologic response to rilpivirine. (Moderate) Avoid administering tenofovir, PMPA concurrently with or recently after a nephrotoxic agent, such as high-dose or multiple nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Cases of acute renal failure, some requiring hospitalization and renal replacement therapy, have been reported after high-dose or multiple NSAIDs were initiated in patients who appeared stable on tenofovir. Consider alternatives to NSAIDs in patients at risk for renal dysfunction. If these drugs must be coadministered, carefully monitor the estimated creatinine creatinine, serum phosphorus, urine glucose, and urine protein prior to, and periodically during, treatment. (Moderate) Monitor for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) or emtricitabine-related adverse events during concomitant use. Concomitant use may increase NSAID or emtricitabine concentrations. Coadministration of drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion, such as NSAIDs and emtricitabine, may increase the risk of adverse reactions.
Naproxen; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Avoid administering tenofovir, PMPA concurrently with or recently after a nephrotoxic agent, such as high-dose or multiple nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Cases of acute renal failure, some requiring hospitalization and renal replacement therapy, have been reported after high-dose or multiple NSAIDs were initiated in patients who appeared stable on tenofovir. Consider alternatives to NSAIDs in patients at risk for renal dysfunction. If these drugs must be coadministered, carefully monitor the estimated creatinine creatinine, serum phosphorus, urine glucose, and urine protein prior to, and periodically during, treatment. (Moderate) Monitor for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) or emtricitabine-related adverse events during concomitant use. Concomitant use may increase NSAID or emtricitabine concentrations. Coadministration of drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion, such as NSAIDs and emtricitabine, may increase the risk of adverse reactions.
Nefazodone: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering nefazodone with rilpivirine due to an increased potential for rilpivirine-related adverse events. Although this interaction has not been studied, predictions can be made based on metabolic pathways. Nefazodone is an inhibitor of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in increased rilpivirine plasma concentrations.
Nelfinavir: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering tenofovir, PMPA, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, concurrently with inhibitors of P-gp, such as nelfinavir. Coadministration may result in increased absorption of tenofovir. Monitor for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions. (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering nelfinavir with rilpivirine due to an increased potential for rilpivirine-related adverse events. Predictions about the interaction can be made based on metabolic pathways. Nelfinavir is an inhibitor of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in increased rilpivirine plasma concentrations.
Neratinib: (Moderate) Coadministration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with neratinib may result in increased plasma concentrations of tenofovir, leading to an increase in tenofovir-related adverse effects. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate and neratinib is a P-gp inhibitor.
Nevirapine: (Major) Coadministration of nevirapine and rilpivirine is not recommended as the combined use of two NNRTIs has not been shown to be beneficial. Concomitant use may also cause a significant decrease in rilpivirine plasma concentrations and, thus, a loss of therapeutic effect. Rilpivirine is a CYP3A substrate and nevirapine is a weak CYP3A inducer.
Nicardipine: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering nicardipine with rilpivirine due to an increased potential for rilpivirine-related adverse events. Although this interaction has not been studied, predictions can be made based on metabolic pathways. Nicardipine is an inhibitor of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in increased rilpivirine plasma concentrations.
Nilotinib: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of nilotinib with other agents that prolong the QT interval, such as rilpivirine. Nilotinib is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4 and rilpivirine is a substrate of CYP3A4; administering these drugs together may result in increased rilpivirine levels. If the use of rilpivirine is necessary, hold nilotinib therapy. If these drugs are used together, consider a rilpivirine dose reduction and monitor patients for toxicity (e.g., QT interval prolongation).
Nirmatrelvir; Ritonavir: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering tenofovir, PMPA, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) substrate, concurrently with inhibitors of P-gp and BCRP, such as ritonavir. Coadministration may result in increased absorption of tenofovir. Monitor for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions.
Nirogacestat: (Moderate) Coadministration of rilpivirine with nirogacestat may result in increased plasma concentrations of rilpivirine, leading to an increase in rilpivirine-related adverse effects. Rilpivirine is a CYP3A substrate and nirogacestat is a moderate CYP3A inhibitor.
Nizatidine: (Moderate) Coadministration with nizatidine may significantly decrease rilpivirine plasma concentrations, potentially resulting in treatment failure. To decrease the risk of virologic failure, avoid use of nizatidine for at least 12 hours before and at least 4 hours after administering rilpivirine.
Non-Ionic Contrast Media: (Moderate) Tenofovir-containing products should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent, such as radiopaque contrast agents. Tenofovir is primarily excreted via the kidneys by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. Coadministration of tenofovir with drugs that are eliminated by active tubular secretion may increase concentrations of tenofovir and/or the co-administered drug. Drugs that decrease renal function may also increase concentrations of tenofovir. Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Monitor patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: (Moderate) Avoid administering tenofovir, PMPA concurrently with or recently after a nephrotoxic agent, such as high-dose or multiple nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Cases of acute renal failure, some requiring hospitalization and renal replacement therapy, have been reported after high-dose or multiple NSAIDs were initiated in patients who appeared stable on tenofovir. Consider alternatives to NSAIDs in patients at risk for renal dysfunction. If these drugs must be coadministered, carefully monitor the estimated creatinine creatinine, serum phosphorus, urine glucose, and urine protein prior to, and periodically during, treatment. (Moderate) Monitor for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) or emtricitabine-related adverse events during concomitant use. Concomitant use may increase NSAID or emtricitabine concentrations. Coadministration of drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion, such as NSAIDs and emtricitabine, may increase the risk of adverse reactions.
Ofloxacin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of ofloxacin and rilpivirine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose.
Olanzapine: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with olanzapine as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Limited data, including some case reports, suggest that olanzapine may also be associated with a significant prolongation of the QTc interval.
Olanzapine; Fluoxetine: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with olanzapine as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Limited data, including some case reports, suggest that olanzapine may also be associated with a significant prolongation of the QTc interval. (Moderate) Concomitant use of fluoxetine and rilpivirine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose.
Olanzapine; Samidorphan: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with olanzapine as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Limited data, including some case reports, suggest that olanzapine may also be associated with a significant prolongation of the QTc interval.
Omeprazole: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of proton pump inhibitors and rilpivirine is contraindicated; when these drugs are coadministered, there is a potential for treatment failure and/or the development of rilpivirine or NNRTI resistance. Proton pump inhibitors inhibit secretion of gastric acid by proton pumps thereby increasing the gastric pH; for optimal absorption, rilpivirine requires an acidic environment. Coadministration of a proton pump inhibitor and rilpivirine may result in decreased rilpivirine absorption/serum concentrations, which could cause impaired virologic response to rilpivirine.
Omeprazole; Amoxicillin; Rifabutin: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of proton pump inhibitors and rilpivirine is contraindicated; when these drugs are coadministered, there is a potential for treatment failure and/or the development of rilpivirine or NNRTI resistance. Proton pump inhibitors inhibit secretion of gastric acid by proton pumps thereby increasing the gastric pH; for optimal absorption, rilpivirine requires an acidic environment. Coadministration of a proton pump inhibitor and rilpivirine may result in decreased rilpivirine absorption/serum concentrations, which could cause impaired virologic response to rilpivirine. (Major) Increase the dose of rilpivirine to 50 mg PO once daily when coadministered with rifabutin. When rifabutin coadministration is stopped, decrease the rilpivirine dose to 25 mg PO once daily. Coadministration of rilpivirine with rifabutin may result in decreased plasma concentrations of rilpivirine, leading to a reduction of antiretroviral efficacy and the potential development of viral resistance. Rilpivirine is a CYP3A4 substrate and rifabutin is a moderate CYP3A4 inducer.
Omeprazole; Sodium Bicarbonate: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of proton pump inhibitors and rilpivirine is contraindicated; when these drugs are coadministered, there is a potential for treatment failure and/or the development of rilpivirine or NNRTI resistance. Proton pump inhibitors inhibit secretion of gastric acid by proton pumps thereby increasing the gastric pH; for optimal absorption, rilpivirine requires an acidic environment. Coadministration of a proton pump inhibitor and rilpivirine may result in decreased rilpivirine absorption/serum concentrations, which could cause impaired virologic response to rilpivirine. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of rilpivirine and antacids may significantly decrease rilpivirine plasma concentrations, potentially resulting in treatment failure. To decrease the risk of virologic failure, avoid use of antacids for at least 2 hours before and at least 4 hours after administering rilpivirine.
Ondansetron: (Major) Concomitant use of rilpivirine and ondansetron increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary. Do not exceed 16 mg of IV ondansetron in a single dose; the degree of QT prolongation associated with ondansetron significantly increases above this dose. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose.
Oritavancin: (Major) Rilpivirine is metabolized by CYP3A4; oritavancin is a weak CYP3A4 inducer. Plasma concentrations and efficacy of rilpivirine may be reduced if these drugs are administered concurrently.
Orlistat: (Major) According to the manufacturer of orlistat, HIV RNA levels should be frequently monitored in patients receiving orlistat while being treated for HIV infection with tenofovir, PMPA. Loss of virological control has been reported in HIV-infected patients taking orlistat with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine; efavirenz; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. The exact mechanism for this interaction is not known, but may involve inhibition of systemic absorption of the anti-retroviral agent. If an increased HIV viral load is confirmed, orlistat should be discontinued. (Moderate) According to the manufacturer of orlistat, HIV RNA levels should be frequently monitored in patients receiving orlistat while being treated for HIV infection with anti-retroviral nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). Loss of virological control has been reported in HIV-infected patients taking orlistat with atazanavir, ritonavir, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, emtricitabine, lopinavir; ritonavir, and emtricitabine; efavirenz; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. The exact mechanism for this interaction is not known, but may involve inhibition of systemic absorption of the anti-retroviral agent. If an increased HIV viral load is confirmed, orlistat should be discontinued.
Osilodrostat: (Moderate) Monitor ECGs in patients receiving osilodrostat with rilpivirine as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Osilodrostat is associated with dose-dependent QT prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation.
Osimertinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of rilpivirine with osimertinib if possible due to the risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). If concomitant use is unavoidable, periodically monitor ECGs for QT prolongation and monitor electrolytes; an interruption of osimertinib therapy with dose reduction or discontinuation of therapy may be necessary if QT prolongation occurs. Concentration-dependent QTc prolongation occurred during clinical trials of osimertinib. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have also caused QT prolongation. (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in tenofovir-related adverse reactions if coadministration with osimertinib is necessary. Concomitant use may result in increased tenofovir absorption. Tenofovir disoproxil is a BCRP and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate. Osimertinib is a BCRP and P-gp inhibitor.
Oteseconazole: (Moderate) Coadministration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with oteseconazole may result in increased plasma concentrations of tenofovir, leading to an increase in tenofovir-related adverse effects. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a BCRP substrate and oteseconazole is a BCRP inhibitor.
Oxaliplatin: (Major) Avoid coadministration of oxaliplatin with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate due to the risk of increased oxaliplatin-related adverse reactions. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is known to be potentially nephrotoxic; because platinum-containing drugs like oxaliplatin are eliminated primarily through the kidney, oxaliplatin clearance may be decreased by coadministration with nephrotoxic agents. (Major) Monitor electrolytes and ECGs for QT prolongation if coadministration of rilpivirine with oxaliplatin is necessary; correct electrolyte abnormalities prior to administration of oxaliplatin. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg per day) have caused QT prolongation. QT prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias including fatal torsade de pointes have also been reported with oxaliplatin use in postmarketing experience.
Oxaprozin: (Moderate) Avoid administering tenofovir, PMPA concurrently with or recently after a nephrotoxic agent, such as high-dose or multiple nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Cases of acute renal failure, some requiring hospitalization and renal replacement therapy, have been reported after high-dose or multiple NSAIDs were initiated in patients who appeared stable on tenofovir. Consider alternatives to NSAIDs in patients at risk for renal dysfunction. If these drugs must be coadministered, carefully monitor the estimated creatinine creatinine, serum phosphorus, urine glucose, and urine protein prior to, and periodically during, treatment. (Moderate) Monitor for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) or emtricitabine-related adverse events during concomitant use. Concomitant use may increase NSAID or emtricitabine concentrations. Coadministration of drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion, such as NSAIDs and emtricitabine, may increase the risk of adverse reactions.
Oxcarbazepine: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of oxcarbazepine and rilpivirine is contraindicated. When these drugs are coadministered, there is a potential for treatment failure and/or the development of rilpivirine or NNRTI resistance. Oxcarbazepine is a potent inducer of CYP3A4, which is primarily responsible for the metabolism of rilpivirine. Coadministration may result in decreased rilpivirine serum concentrations, which could cause impaired virologic response to rilpivirine.
Ozanimod: (Major) In general, do not initiate ozanimod in patients taking rilpivirine due to the risk of additive bradycardia, QT prolongation, and torsade de pointes (TdP). If treatment initiation is considered, seek advice from a cardiologist. Ozanimod initiation may result in a transient decrease in heart rate and atrioventricular conduction delays. Ozanimod has not been studied in patients taking concurrent QT prolonging drugs; however, QT prolonging drugs have been associated with TdP in patients with bradycardia. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation.
Pacritinib: (Major) Concomitant use of pacritinib and rilpivirine increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose. (Moderate) Concomitant use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with pacritinib may result in increased plasma concentrations of tenofovir, leading to an increase in tenofovir-related adverse effects. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a P-gp and BCRP substrate; pacritinib is a P-gp and BCRP inhibitor.
Paliperidone: (Major) Paliperidone has been associated with QT prolongation; torsade de pointes (TdP) and ventricular fibrillation have been reported in the setting of overdose. According to the manufacturer, since paliperidone may prolong the QT interval, it should be avoided in combination with other agents also known to have this effect, such as rilpivirine. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. If coadministration is necessary and the patient has known risk factors for cardiac disease or arrhythmias, close monitoring is essential.
Pamidronate: (Moderate) Tenofovir-containing products should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent, such as pamidronate. Tenofovir is primarily excreted via the kidneys by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. Coadministration of tenofovir with drugs that are eliminated by active tubular secretion may increase concentrations of tenofovir and/or the co-administered drug. Drugs that decrease renal function may also increase concentrations of tenofovir. Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Monitor patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Panobinostat: (Major) The co-administration of panobinostat with rilpivirine or emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir is not recommended; QT prolongation has been reported with panobinostat and rilpivirine. Obtain an electrocardiogram at baseline and periodically during treatment. Hold panobinostat if the QTcF increases to >= 480 milliseconds during therapy; permanently discontinue if QT prolongation does not resolve.
Pantoprazole: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of proton pump inhibitors and rilpivirine is contraindicated; when these drugs are coadministered, there is a potential for treatment failure and/or the development of rilpivirine or NNRTI resistance. Proton pump inhibitors inhibit secretion of gastric acid by proton pumps thereby increasing the gastric pH; for optimal absorption, rilpivirine requires an acidic environment. Coadministration of a proton pump inhibitor and rilpivirine may result in decreased rilpivirine absorption/serum concentrations, which could cause impaired virologic response to rilpivirine.
Paromomycin: (Moderate) Monitor for changes in serum creatinine and adverse reactions, such as lactic acidosis or hepatotoxicity if emtricitabine is administered in combination with nephrotoxic agents, such as aminoglycosides. Consider the potential for drug interaction prior to and during concurrent use of these medications. Both emtricitabine and aminoglycosides are excreted via the kidneys by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. While no drug interactions due to competition for renal excretion have been observed, coadministration of these medications may increase concentrations of both drugs. (Moderate) Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Pasireotide: (Moderate) Use caution when using pasireotide in combination with rilpivirine as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. QT prolongation has occurred with pasireotide at therapeutic and supra-therapeutic doses. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation.
Pazopanib: (Major) Concurrent use of pazopanib and rilpivirine should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). If these drugs must be continued, closely monitor the patient for QT interval prolongation. Pazopanib has been reported to prolong the QT interval. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have also caused QT prolongation. In addition, pazopanib is a weak inhibitor of CYP3A4. Coadministration of pazopanib and rilpivirine, a CYP3A4 substrate, may cause an increase in systemic concentrations of rilpivirine.
Peginterferon Alfa-2a: (Moderate) Use together with caution and monitor for hepatic decompensation. Interferons and anti-retroviral nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) can both cause hepatotoxicity. Patients with chronic, cirrhotic HCV co-infected with HIV receiving NRTIs and alpha interferons appear to be at increased risk for hepatic decompensation (e.g., Childs-Pugh score 6 or more) compared to patients not receiving HAART. (Moderate) Use together with caution and monitor for hepatic decompensation. Interferons and rilpivirine can both cause hepatotoxicity. Patients with chronic, cirrhotic HCV co-infected with HIV receiving antiretroviral agents and alpha interferons appear to be at increased risk for hepatic decompensation (e.g., Childs-Pugh score 6 or more) compared to patients not receiving HAART.
Peginterferon Alfa-2b: (Moderate) Use together with caution and monitor for hepatic decompensation. Interferons and anti-retroviral nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) can both cause hepatotoxicity. Patients with chronic, cirrhotic HCV co-infected with HIV receiving NRTIs and alpha interferons appear to be at increased risk for hepatic decompensation (e.g., Childs-Pugh score 6 or more) compared to patients not receiving HAART. (Moderate) Use together with caution and monitor for hepatic decompensation. Interferons and rilpivirine can both cause hepatotoxicity. Patients with chronic, cirrhotic HCV co-infected with HIV receiving antiretroviral agents and alpha interferons appear to be at increased risk for hepatic decompensation (e.g., Childs-Pugh score 6 or more) compared to patients not receiving HAART.
Peginterferon beta-1a: (Moderate) Use together with caution and monitor for hepatic decompensation. Interferons and anti-retroviral nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) can both cause hepatotoxicity. Patients with chronic, cirrhotic HCV co-infected with HIV receiving NRTIs and alpha interferons appear to be at increased risk for hepatic decompensation (e.g., Childs-Pugh score 6 or more) compared to patients not receiving HAART. (Moderate) Use together with caution and monitor for hepatic decompensation. Interferons and rilpivirine can both cause hepatotoxicity. Patients with chronic, cirrhotic HCV co-infected with HIV receiving antiretroviral agents and alpha interferons appear to be at increased risk for hepatic decompensation (e.g., Childs-Pugh score 6 or more) compared to patients not receiving HAART.
Pentamidine: (Major) Due to the potential for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP), caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with pentamidine. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Pentamidine has also been associated with QT prolongation.
Pentobarbital: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering barbiturates with rilpivirine due to the potential for rilpivirine treatment failure. Although this interaction has not been studied, predictions can be made based on metabolic pathways. Barbiturates are inducers of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in decreased rilpivirine serum concentrations and impaired virologic response.
Perphenazine: (Minor) Caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with perphenazine as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Perphenazine is also associated with a possible risk for QT prolongation. Theoretically, perphenazine may increase the risk of QT prolongation if coadministered with other drugs that have a risk of QT prolongation.
Perphenazine; Amitriptyline: (Minor) Caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with perphenazine as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Perphenazine is also associated with a possible risk for QT prolongation. Theoretically, perphenazine may increase the risk of QT prolongation if coadministered with other drugs that have a risk of QT prolongation.
Pexidartinib: (Moderate) Coadministration of rilpivirine with pexidartinib may result in decreased plasma concentrations of rilpivirine, leading to a reduction of antiretroviral efficacy and the potential development of viral resistance. Rilpivirine is a CYP3A4 substrate and pexidartinib is a moderate CYP3A4 inducer.
Phenobarbital: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of phenobarbital and rilpivirine is contraindicated. When these drugs are coadministered, there is a potential for treatment failure and/or the development of rilpivirine or NNRTI resistance. Phenobarbital is a potent inducer of CYP3A4, which is primarily responsible for the metabolism of rilpivirine. Coadministration may result in decreased rilpivirine serum concentrations, which could cause impaired virologic response to rilpivirine.
Phenobarbital; Hyoscyamine; Atropine; Scopolamine: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of phenobarbital and rilpivirine is contraindicated. When these drugs are coadministered, there is a potential for treatment failure and/or the development of rilpivirine or NNRTI resistance. Phenobarbital is a potent inducer of CYP3A4, which is primarily responsible for the metabolism of rilpivirine. Coadministration may result in decreased rilpivirine serum concentrations, which could cause impaired virologic response to rilpivirine.
Phentermine; Topiramate: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering topiramate with rilpivirine due to the potential for rilpivirine treatment failure. Although this interaction has not been studied, predictions can be made based on metabolic pathways. Topiramate is an inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in decreased rilpivirine serum concentrations and impaired virologic response.
Phenytoin: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of phenytoin or fosphenytoin and rilpivirine is contraindicated. When these drugs are coadministered, there is a potential for treatment failure and/or the development of rilpivirine or NNRTI resistance. Phenytoin is a potent inducer of CYP3A4, which is primarily responsible for the metabolism of rilpivirine. Coadministration may result in decreased rilpivirine serum concentrations, which could cause impaired virologic response to rilpivirine.
Pimavanserin: (Major) Pimavanserin may cause QT prolongation and should generally be avoided in patients receiving other medications known to prolong the QT interval, such as rilpivirine. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Coadministration may increase the risk for QT prolongation.
Pimozide: (Contraindicated) Pimozide is associated with a well-established risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) and coadministration with other drugs associated with a possible risk for QT prolongation and TdP, such as rilpivirine, should be avoided.
Piroxicam: (Moderate) Avoid administering tenofovir, PMPA concurrently with or recently after a nephrotoxic agent, such as high-dose or multiple nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Cases of acute renal failure, some requiring hospitalization and renal replacement therapy, have been reported after high-dose or multiple NSAIDs were initiated in patients who appeared stable on tenofovir. Consider alternatives to NSAIDs in patients at risk for renal dysfunction. If these drugs must be coadministered, carefully monitor the estimated creatinine creatinine, serum phosphorus, urine glucose, and urine protein prior to, and periodically during, treatment. (Moderate) Monitor for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) or emtricitabine-related adverse events during concomitant use. Concomitant use may increase NSAID or emtricitabine concentrations. Coadministration of drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion, such as NSAIDs and emtricitabine, may increase the risk of adverse reactions.
Pirtobrutinib: (Moderate) Coadministration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with pirtobrutinib may result in increased plasma concentrations of tenofovir, leading to an increase in tenofovir-related adverse effects. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a P-gp and BCRP substrate and pirtobrutinib is a P-gp and BCRP inhibitor.
Pitolisant: (Major) Avoid coadministration of pitolisant with rilpivirine as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Pitolisant prolongs the QT interval. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation.
Plazomicin: (Moderate) Monitor for changes in serum creatinine and adverse reactions, such as lactic acidosis or hepatotoxicity if emtricitabine is administered in combination with nephrotoxic agents, such as aminoglycosides. Consider the potential for drug interaction prior to and during concurrent use of these medications. Both emtricitabine and aminoglycosides are excreted via the kidneys by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. While no drug interactions due to competition for renal excretion have been observed, coadministration of these medications may increase concentrations of both drugs. (Moderate) Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Polymyxin B: (Moderate) Tenofovir-containing products should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent, such as polymyxin B. Tenofovir is primarily excreted via the kidneys by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. Coadministration of tenofovir with drugs that are eliminated by active tubular secretion may increase concentrations of tenofovir and/or the co-administered drug. Drugs that decrease renal function may also increase concentrations of tenofovir. Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Monitor patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Ponesimod: (Major) In general, do not initiate ponesimod in patients taking rilpivirine due to the risk of additive bradycardia, QT prolongation, and torsade de pointes (TdP). If treatment initiation is considered, seek advice from a cardiologist. Ponesimod initiation may result in a transient decrease in heart rate and atrioventricular conduction delays. Ponesimod has not been studied in patients taking concurrent QT prolonging drugs; however, QT prolonging drugs have been associated with TdP in patients with bradycardia. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation.
Posaconazole: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of posaconazole and rilpivirine is contraindicated due to the risk of life threatening arrhythmias such as torsade de pointes (TdP). Posaconazole is a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4, an isoenzyme partially responsible for the metabolism of ripivirine. These drugs used in combination may result in elevated rilpivirine plasma concentrations, causing an increased risk for rilpivirine-related adverse events, such as QT prolongation. Additionally, posaconazole has been associated with prolongation of the QT interval as well as rare cases of TdP; avoid use with other drugs that may prolong the QT interval and are metabolized through CYP3A4, such as rilpivirine. (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering tenofovir, PMPA, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, concurrently with inhibitors of P-gp, such as posaconazole. Coadministration may result in increased absorption of tenofovir. Monitor for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions.
Pretomanid: (Moderate) Coadministration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with pretomanid may result in increased plasma concentrations of tenofovir, leading to an increase in tenofovir-related adverse effects. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a P-gp and BCRP substrate and pretomanid is a P-gp and BCRP inhibitor.
Primaquine: (Moderate) Exercise caution when administering primaquine in combination with rilpivirine as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Primaquine is associated with QT prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation.
Primidone: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering barbiturates with rilpivirine due to the potential for rilpivirine treatment failure. Although this interaction has not been studied, predictions can be made based on metabolic pathways. Barbiturates are inducers of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in decreased rilpivirine serum concentrations and impaired virologic response.
Probenecid: (Moderate) Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent, such as probenecid; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Probenecid; Colchicine: (Moderate) Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent, such as probenecid; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Procainamide: (Major) Rilpivirine should be used cautiously with Class IA antiarrhythmics (disopyramide, procainamide, quinidine). Class IA antiarrhythmics are associated with QT prolongation and torsades de pointes (TdP). Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation; caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with other drugs that may prolong the QT or PR interval.
Prochlorperazine: (Minor) Caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with prochlorperazine as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Prochlorperazine is also associated with a possible risk for QT prolongation. Theoretically, prochlorperazine may increase the risk of QT prolongation if coadministered with other drugs that have a risk of QT prolongation.
Promethazine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of promethazine and rilpivirine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose.
Promethazine; Dextromethorphan: (Moderate) Concomitant use of promethazine and rilpivirine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose.
Promethazine; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of promethazine and rilpivirine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose.
Propafenone: (Major) Concomitant use of rilpivirine and propafenone increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose. (Moderate) Coadministration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with propafenone may result in increased plasma concentrations of tenofovir, leading to an increase in tenofovir-related adverse effects. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a P-gp substrate and propafenone is a P-gp inhibitor.
Proton pump inhibitors: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of proton pump inhibitors and rilpivirine is contraindicated; when these drugs are coadministered, there is a potential for treatment failure and/or the development of rilpivirine or NNRTI resistance. Proton pump inhibitors inhibit secretion of gastric acid by proton pumps thereby increasing the gastric pH; for optimal absorption, rilpivirine requires an acidic environment. Coadministration of a proton pump inhibitor and rilpivirine may result in decreased rilpivirine absorption/serum concentrations, which could cause impaired virologic response to rilpivirine.
Quetiapine: (Major) Concomitant use of rilpivirine and quetiapine increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose.
Quinidine: (Major) Rilpivirine should be used cautiously with Class IA antiarrhythmics (disopyramide, procainamide, quinidine). Class IA antiarrhythmics are associated with QT prolongation and torsades de pointes (TdP). Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation; caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with other drugs that may prolong the QT or PR interval. (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering tenofovir, PMPA, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, concurrently with inhibitors of P-gp, such as quinidine. Coadministration may result in increased absorption of tenofovir. Monitor for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions.
Quinine: (Major) Concurrent use of quinine and rilpivirine should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Quinine has been associated with prolongation of the QT interval and rare cases of TdP. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have also caused QT prolongation. In addition, concentrations of rilpivirine may be increased with concomitant use of quinine. Rilpivirine is a CYP3A4 substrate and quinine is a CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Quizartinib: (Major) Concomitant use of quizartinib and rilpivirine increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose.
Rabeprazole: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of proton pump inhibitors and rilpivirine is contraindicated; when these drugs are coadministered, there is a potential for treatment failure and/or the development of rilpivirine or NNRTI resistance. Proton pump inhibitors inhibit secretion of gastric acid by proton pumps thereby increasing the gastric pH; for optimal absorption, rilpivirine requires an acidic environment. Coadministration of a proton pump inhibitor and rilpivirine may result in decreased rilpivirine absorption/serum concentrations, which could cause impaired virologic response to rilpivirine.
Ranitidine: (Moderate) Coadministration with ranitidine may significantly decrease rilpivirine plasma concentrations, potentially resulting in treatment failure. To decrease the risk of virologic failure, avoid use of ranitidine for at least 12 hours before and at least 4 hours after administering rilpivirine.
Ranolazine: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with ranolazine as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation; rilpivirine exposure may also increase. Rilpivirine is a CYP3A4 substrate; supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Ranolazine is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor that is associated with dose- and plasma concentration-related increases in the QTc interval. Although there are no studies examining the effects of ranolazine in patients receiving other QT prolonging drugs concurrent use may result in additive QT prolongation. (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering tenofovir, PMPA, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, concurrently with inhibitors of P-gp, such as ranolazine. Coadministration may result in increased absorption of tenofovir. Monitor for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions.
Regorafenib: (Moderate) Use caution if coadministration of regorafenib with tenofovir, PMPA is necessary, and monitor for an increase in tenofovir-related adverse reactions. Tenofovir is a BCRP substrate and regorafenib is a BCRP inhibitor. Regorafenib-mediated BCRP inhibition may increase exposure to tenofovir.
Relugolix: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with relugolix. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., relugolix) may prolong the QT/QTc interval. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have also caused QT prolongation.
Relugolix; Estradiol; Norethindrone acetate: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with relugolix. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., relugolix) may prolong the QT/QTc interval. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have also caused QT prolongation.
Repotrectinib: (Moderate) Coadministration of rilpivirine with repotrectinib may result in decreased plasma concentrations of rilpivirine, leading to a reduction of antiretroviral efficacy and the potential development of viral resistance. Rilpivirine is a CYP3A substrate and repotrectinib is a moderate CYP3A inducer.
Ribavirin: (Major) The concomitant use of ribavirin and anti-retroviral non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) should be done with caution as both can cause hepatic damage. NNRTIs may cause liver damage in the context of hypersensitivity reactions or by direct toxic effects. Many studies demonstrate that nevirapine is more hepatotoxic than efavirenz. Underlying chronic HCV infection enhances the risk of developing liver enzyme elevations in patients receiving nevirapine. Overall, the HCV-HIV International Panel recommends the management of hepatotoxicity should be based on the knowledge of the mechanisms involved for each drug. Furthermore, they state that there are lower rates of liver-related mortality in coinfected patients taking HAART, even in those with end-stage liver disease, compared with patients not receiving HAART. Closely monitor patients for treatment-associated toxicities, especially hepatic decompensation. (Moderate) Use emtricitabine with ribavirin and interferon with caution and closely monitor for hepatic decompensation and anemia. Dose reduction or discontinuation of interferon, ribavirin, or both should be considered if worsening clinical toxicities are observed, including hepatic decompensation (e.g., Child-Pugh greater than 6). Hepatic decompensation (some fatal) has occurred in HCV/HIV coinfected patients who received both ribavirin/interferon and anti-retroviral nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) therapies.
Ribociclib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of ribociclib with rilpivirine due to an increased risk for QT prolongation. Systemic exposure of rilpivirine may also be increased resulting in increase in treatment-related adverse reactions. Ribociclib is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor that has been shown to prolong the QT interval in a concentration-dependent manner. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg per day), a CYP3A4 substrate, have also caused QT prolongation. Concomitant use may increase the risk for QT prolongation.
Ribociclib; Letrozole: (Major) Avoid coadministration of ribociclib with rilpivirine due to an increased risk for QT prolongation. Systemic exposure of rilpivirine may also be increased resulting in increase in treatment-related adverse reactions. Ribociclib is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor that has been shown to prolong the QT interval in a concentration-dependent manner. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg per day), a CYP3A4 substrate, have also caused QT prolongation. Concomitant use may increase the risk for QT prolongation.
Rifabutin: (Major) Increase the dose of rilpivirine to 50 mg PO once daily when coadministered with rifabutin. When rifabutin coadministration is stopped, decrease the rilpivirine dose to 25 mg PO once daily. Coadministration of rilpivirine with rifabutin may result in decreased plasma concentrations of rilpivirine, leading to a reduction of antiretroviral efficacy and the potential development of viral resistance. Rilpivirine is a CYP3A4 substrate and rifabutin is a moderate CYP3A4 inducer.
Rifampin: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of rifampin and rilpivirine is contraindicated; when these drugs are coadministered, there is a potential for treatment failure and/or the development of rilpivirine or NNRTI resistance. Rifampin is a potent inducer of CYP3A4, which is primarily responsible for the metabolism of rilpivirine. Coadministration may result in decreased rilpivirine serum concentrations, which could cause impaired virologic response to rilpivirine.
Rifapentine: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of rifapentine and rilpivirine is contraindicated; when these drugs are coadministered, there is a potential for treatment failure and/or the development of rilpivirine or NNRTI resistance. Rifapentine is a strong CYP3A4 inducer, which is primarily responsible for the metabolism of rilpivirine. Coadministration may result in decreased rilpivirine serum concentrations, which could cause impaired virologic response to rilpivirine.
Risperidone: (Moderate) Use risperidone and rilpivirine together with caution due to the potential for additive QT prolongation and risk of torsade de pointes (TdP). Risperidone has been associated with a possible risk for QT prolongation and/or TdP, primarily in the overdose setting. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation.
Ritlecitinib: (Moderate) Coadministration of rilpivirine with ritlecitinib may result in increased plasma concentrations of rilpivirine, leading to an increase in rilpivirine-related adverse effects. Rilpivirine is a CYP3A substrate and ritlecitinib is a moderate CYP3A inhibitor.
Ritonavir: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering tenofovir, PMPA, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) substrate, concurrently with inhibitors of P-gp and BCRP, such as ritonavir. Coadministration may result in increased absorption of tenofovir. Monitor for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions.
Rolapitant: (Moderate) Use caution if tenofovir, PMPA and rolapitant are used concurrently, and monitor for tenofovir-related adverse effects. Tenofovir is a substrate of the Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp), where an increase in exposure may significantly increase adverse effects; rolapitant is a BCRP and P-gp inhibitor. The Cmax and AUC of another BCRP substrate, sulfasalazine, were increased by 140% and 130%, respectively, on day 1 with rolapitant, and by 17% and 32%, respectively, on day 8 after rolapitant administration. When rolapitant was administered with digoxin, a P-gp substrate, the day 1 Cmax and AUC were increased by 70% and 30%, respectively; the Cmax and AUC on day 8 were not studied.
Romidepsin: (Moderate) Consider monitoring electrolytes and ECGs at baseline and periodically during treatment if romidepsin is administered with rilpivirine as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Romidepsin has been reported to prolong the QT interval. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation.
Ropeginterferon alfa-2b: (Moderate) Use together with caution and monitor for hepatic decompensation. Interferons and anti-retroviral nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) can both cause hepatotoxicity. Patients with chronic, cirrhotic HCV co-infected with HIV receiving NRTIs and alpha interferons appear to be at increased risk for hepatic decompensation (e.g., Childs-Pugh score 6 or more) compared to patients not receiving HAART. (Moderate) Use together with caution and monitor for hepatic decompensation. Interferons and rilpivirine can both cause hepatotoxicity. Patients with chronic, cirrhotic HCV co-infected with HIV receiving antiretroviral agents and alpha interferons appear to be at increased risk for hepatic decompensation (e.g., Childs-Pugh score 6 or more) compared to patients not receiving HAART.
Salicylates: (Major) Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents, like salicylates should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Salsalate: (Major) Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents, like salicylates should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Saquinavir: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use or switching form rilpivirine to saquinavir boosted with ritonavir without a washout period of at least 2 weeks is contraindicated. Taking these drugs together is expected to increase rilpivirine concentrations and increase the risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Saquinavir boosted with ritonavir increases the QT interval in a dose-dependent fashion, which may increase the risk for serious arrhythmias such as TdP. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have also caused QT prolongation. Before administering saquinavir boosted with ritonavir, perform a baseline ECG and carefully follow monitoring recommendations. (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering tenofovir, PMPA, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, concurrently with inhibitors of P-gp, such as saquinavir. Coadministration may result in increased absorption of tenofovir. Monitor for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions.
Secobarbital: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering barbiturates with rilpivirine due to the potential for rilpivirine treatment failure. Although this interaction has not been studied, predictions can be made based on metabolic pathways. Barbiturates are inducers of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in decreased rilpivirine serum concentrations and impaired virologic response.
Selpercatinib: (Major) Monitor ECGs more frequently for QT prolongation if coadministration of selpercatinib with rilpivirine is necessary due to the risk of additive QT prolongation. Concentration-dependent QT prolongation has been observed with selpercatinib therapy. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. (Moderate) Coadministration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with selpercatinib may result in increased plasma concentrations of tenofovir, leading to an increase in tenofovir-related adverse effects. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a P-gp substrate and selpercatinib is a P-gp inhibitor.
Sertraline: (Moderate) Concomitant use of sertraline and rilpivirine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose. The degree of QT prolongation associated with sertraline is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 2 times the maximum recommended dose.
Sevoflurane: (Major) Halogenated anesthetics should be used cautiously and with close monitoring with rilpivirine. Halogenated anesthetics can prolong the QT interval. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation; caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with other drugs that may prolong the QT or PR interval.
Siponimod: (Major) In general, do not initiate treatment with siponimod in patients receiving rilpivirine due to the potential for QT prolongation. Consult a cardiologist regarding appropriate monitoring if siponimod use is required. Siponimod therapy prolonged the QT interval at recommended doses in a clinical study. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation.
Sodium Bicarbonate: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of rilpivirine and antacids may significantly decrease rilpivirine plasma concentrations, potentially resulting in treatment failure. To decrease the risk of virologic failure, avoid use of antacids for at least 2 hours before and at least 4 hours after administering rilpivirine.
Sodium Phenylbutyrate; Taurursodiol: (Moderate) Coadministration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with taurursodiol may result in increased plasma concentrations of tenofovir, leading to an increase in tenofovir-related adverse effects. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a P-gp and BCRP substrate and taurursodiol is a P-gp and BCRP inhibitor.
Sodium Stibogluconate: (Moderate) Concomitant use of sodium stibogluconate and rilpivirine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose.
Sofosbuvir; Velpatasvir: (Moderate) Monitor patients for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions, such as renal toxicity, in patients receiving regimens containing tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and velpatasvir due to potential increases in tenofovir serum concentrations. When administered concurrently with velpatasvir, the peak concentration (Cmax), systemic exposure (AUC), and the trough concentration (Cmin) of tenofovir increased by 44%, 40%, and 84%, respectively. Tenofovir is a substrate of the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transporters, while velpatasvir inhibits both BCRP and P-gp. Consider use of tenofovir alafenamide in place of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.
Sofosbuvir; Velpatasvir; Voxilaprevir: (Major) Avoid concurrent administration of voxilaprevir with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Taking these medications together may increase tenofovir plasma concentrations, potentially increasing the risk for adverse events. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a substrate for the drug transporter Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP). Voxilaprevir is a BCRP inhibitor. (Moderate) Monitor patients for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions, such as renal toxicity, in patients receiving regimens containing tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and velpatasvir due to potential increases in tenofovir serum concentrations. When administered concurrently with velpatasvir, the peak concentration (Cmax), systemic exposure (AUC), and the trough concentration (Cmin) of tenofovir increased by 44%, 40%, and 84%, respectively. Tenofovir is a substrate of the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transporters, while velpatasvir inhibits both BCRP and P-gp. Consider use of tenofovir alafenamide in place of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.
Solifenacin: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with solifenacin as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Solifenacin has also been associated with dose-dependent prolongation of the QT interval. Torsade de pointes (TdP) has been reported with postmarketing use, although causality was not determined. This should be taken into consideration when prescribing solifenacin to patients taking other drugs that are associated with QT prolongation.
Sorafenib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of sorafenib with rilpivirine due to the risk of additive QT prolongation. If concomitant use is unavoidable, monitor electrocardiograms and correct electrolyte abnormalities. An interruption or discontinuation of sorafenib therapy may be necessary if QT prolongation occurs. Sorafenib is associated with QTc prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have also caused QT prolongation. (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in tenofovir-related adverse reactions if coadministration with sorafenib is necessary. Tenofovir is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate and sorafenib inhibits P-gp in vitro. Sorafenib may increase the concentrations of concomitantly administered drugs that are P-gp substrates.
Sotalol: (Major) Concomitant use of sotalol and rilpivirine increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose.
Sotorasib: (Moderate) Coadministration of rilpivirine with sotorasib may result in decreased plasma concentrations of rilpivirine, leading to a reduction of antiretroviral efficacy and the potential development of viral resistance. Rilpivirine is a CYP3A4 substrate and sotorasib is a moderate CYP3A4 inducer. (Moderate) Coadministration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with sotorasib may result in increased plasma concentrations of tenofovir, leading to an increase in tenofovir-related adverse effects. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a P-gp and BCRP substrate and sotorasib is a P-gp and BCRP inhibitor.
Sparsentan: (Moderate) Coadministration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with sparsentan may result in increased plasma concentrations of tenofovir, leading to an increase in tenofovir-related adverse effects. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a P-gp and BCRP substrate and sparsentan is a P-gp and BCRP inhibitor.
St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum and rilpivirine is contraindicated. When coadministered, there is a potential for treatment failure and/or the development of rilpivirine or NNRTI resistance. St. John's wort appears to be an inducer of CYP3A4, which is primarily responsible for the metabolism of rilpivirine. Coadministration may result in decreased rilpivirine serum concentrations, which could cause impaired virologic response to rilpivirine.
Streptomycin: (Moderate) Monitor for changes in serum creatinine and adverse reactions, such as lactic acidosis or hepatotoxicity if emtricitabine is administered in combination with nephrotoxic agents, such as aminoglycosides. Consider the potential for drug interaction prior to and during concurrent use of these medications. Both emtricitabine and aminoglycosides are excreted via the kidneys by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. While no drug interactions due to competition for renal excretion have been observed, coadministration of these medications may increase concentrations of both drugs. (Moderate) Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Sulindac: (Moderate) Avoid administering tenofovir, PMPA concurrently with or recently after a nephrotoxic agent, such as high-dose or multiple nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Cases of acute renal failure, some requiring hospitalization and renal replacement therapy, have been reported after high-dose or multiple NSAIDs were initiated in patients who appeared stable on tenofovir. Consider alternatives to NSAIDs in patients at risk for renal dysfunction. If these drugs must be coadministered, carefully monitor the estimated creatinine creatinine, serum phosphorus, urine glucose, and urine protein prior to, and periodically during, treatment. (Moderate) Monitor for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) or emtricitabine-related adverse events during concomitant use. Concomitant use may increase NSAID or emtricitabine concentrations. Coadministration of drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion, such as NSAIDs and emtricitabine, may increase the risk of adverse reactions.
Sumatriptan; Naproxen: (Moderate) Avoid administering tenofovir, PMPA concurrently with or recently after a nephrotoxic agent, such as high-dose or multiple nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Cases of acute renal failure, some requiring hospitalization and renal replacement therapy, have been reported after high-dose or multiple NSAIDs were initiated in patients who appeared stable on tenofovir. Consider alternatives to NSAIDs in patients at risk for renal dysfunction. If these drugs must be coadministered, carefully monitor the estimated creatinine creatinine, serum phosphorus, urine glucose, and urine protein prior to, and periodically during, treatment. (Moderate) Monitor for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) or emtricitabine-related adverse events during concomitant use. Concomitant use may increase NSAID or emtricitabine concentrations. Coadministration of drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion, such as NSAIDs and emtricitabine, may increase the risk of adverse reactions.
Sunitinib: (Moderate) Monitor for evidence of QT prolongation if sunitinib is administered with rilpivirine. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Sunitinib can prolong the QT interval.
Tacrolimus: (Major) Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent, including tacrolimus. (Moderate) Consider ECG and electrolyte monitoring periodically during treatment if tacrolimus is administered with rilpivirine. Tacrolimus may prolong the QT interval and cause torsade de pointes (TdP). Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. (Moderate) Monitor for changes in serum creatinine and adverse reactions, such as lactic acidosis or hepatotoxicity if emtricitabine is administered with tacrolimus. Consider the potential for drug interaction prior to and during concurrent use of these medications. Medications that decrease renal function, such as tacrolimus, may increase concentrations of emtricitabine; as emtricitabine is primarily excreted via the kidneys by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion.
Tafamidis: (Moderate) Caution is advised with the coadministration of tafamidis and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate due to the potential for increased plasma concentrations of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate increasing the risk of adverse effects. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate dose adjustment may be needed with coadministration. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a substrate of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and tafamidis is a BCRP inhibitor.
Tamoxifen: (Moderate) Concomitant use of tamoxifen and rilpivirine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose.
Tedizolid: (Moderate) Coadministration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with tedizolid may result in increased plasma concentrations of tenofovir, leading to an increase in tenofovir-related adverse effects. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a BCRP substrate and tedizolid is a BCRP inhibitor.
Telavancin: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with telavancin as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Telavancin has also been associated with QT prolongation.
Temsirolimus: (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-related adverse reactions if coadministration with temsirolimus is necessary. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate and temsirolimus is a P-gp inhibitor. Concomitant use may lead to increased concentrations of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.
Tepotinib: (Moderate) Coadministration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with tepotinib may result in increased plasma concentrations of tenofovir, leading to an increase in tenofovir-related adverse effects. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a P-gp substrate and tepotinib is a P-gp inhibitor.
Tetrabenazine: (Major) Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Tetrabenazine causes a small increase in the corrected QT interval (QTc). The manufacturer of tetrabenazine recommends avoiding concurrent use of tetrabenazine with other drugs known to prolong QTc such as rilpivirine.
Tezacaftor; Ivacaftor: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering tenofovir, PMPA, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, concurrently with inhibitors of P-gp, such as ivacaftor. Coadministration may result in increased absorption of tenofovir. Monitor for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions.
Thioridazine: (Contraindicated) Thioridazine is associated with a well-established risk of QT prolongation and TdP. Thioridazine is considered contraindicated for use along with rilpivirine which, when combined with thioridazine, may prolong the QT interval and increase the risk of TdP, and/or cause orthostatic hypotension.
Ticagrelor: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering tenofovir, PMPA, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, concurrently with inhibitors of P-gp, such as ticagrelor. Coadministration may result in increased absorption of tenofovir. Monitor for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions. (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring for adverse events is advised when administering rilpivirine with ticagrelor. Use of these drugs together may result in elevated rilpivirine plasma concentrations. Ticagrelor is a weak inhibitor of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4 and drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Rilpivirine is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4.
Tipranavir: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering the combination of tipranavir and ritonavir with rilpivirine due to an increased potential for rilpivirine-related adverse events. Predictions about the interaction can be made based on metabolic pathways. Tipranavir and ritonavir are inhibitors of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in increased rilpivirine plasma concentrations. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of tipranavir and ritonavir with tenofovir, results in decreased tipranavir concentrations. The clinical significance of this interaction has not been established, and no recommendations for tenofovir dosage adjustments are available.
Tobramycin: (Moderate) Monitor for changes in serum creatinine and adverse reactions, such as lactic acidosis or hepatotoxicity if emtricitabine is administered in combination with nephrotoxic agents, such as aminoglycosides. Consider the potential for drug interaction prior to and during concurrent use of these medications. Both emtricitabine and aminoglycosides are excreted via the kidneys by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. While no drug interactions due to competition for renal excretion have been observed, coadministration of these medications may increase concentrations of both drugs. (Moderate) Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Tolmetin: (Moderate) Avoid administering tenofovir, PMPA concurrently with or recently after a nephrotoxic agent, such as high-dose or multiple nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Cases of acute renal failure, some requiring hospitalization and renal replacement therapy, have been reported after high-dose or multiple NSAIDs were initiated in patients who appeared stable on tenofovir. Consider alternatives to NSAIDs in patients at risk for renal dysfunction. If these drugs must be coadministered, carefully monitor the estimated creatinine creatinine, serum phosphorus, urine glucose, and urine protein prior to, and periodically during, treatment. (Moderate) Monitor for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) or emtricitabine-related adverse events during concomitant use. Concomitant use may increase NSAID or emtricitabine concentrations. Coadministration of drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion, such as NSAIDs and emtricitabine, may increase the risk of adverse reactions.
Tolterodine: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with tolterodine as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Tolterodine has been associated with dose-dependent prolongation of the QT interval, especially in poor CYP2D6 metabolizers.
Topiramate: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering topiramate with rilpivirine due to the potential for rilpivirine treatment failure. Although this interaction has not been studied, predictions can be made based on metabolic pathways. Topiramate is an inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in decreased rilpivirine serum concentrations and impaired virologic response.
Toremifene: (Major) Avoid coadministration of rilpivirine with toremifene if possible due to the risk of additive QT prolongation. If concomitant use is unavoidable, closely monitor ECGs for QT prolongation and monitor electrolytes; correct hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia prior to administration of toremifene. Toremifene has been shown to prolong the QTc interval in a dose- and concentration-related manner. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have also caused QT prolongation.
Trandolapril; Verapamil: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering verapamil with rilpivirine due to an increased potential for rilpivirine-related adverse events. Although this interaction has not been studied, predictions can be made based on metabolic pathways. Verapamil is an inhibitor of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in increased rilpivirine plasma concentrations. (Moderate) Coadministration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with verapamil may result in increased plasma concentrations of tenofovir, leading to an increase in tenofovir-related adverse effects. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a P-gp substrate and verapamil is a P-gp inhibitor.
Trazodone: (Major) Concomitant use of trazodone and rilpivirine increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose.
Triclabendazole: (Moderate) Concomitant use of triclabendazole and rilpivirine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose.
Trifluoperazine: (Minor) Caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with trifluoperazine as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Trifluoperazine is also associated with a possible risk for QT prolongation. Theoretically, trifluoperazine may increase the risk of QT prolongation if coadministered with other drugs that have a risk of QT prolongation.
Triptorelin: (Moderate) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., triptorelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving rilpivirine as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Trospium: (Minor) Both trospium and tenofovir are eliminated by active renal tubular secretion; coadministration has the potential to increase serum concentrations of trospium or tenofovir due to competition for the drug elimination pathway. Careful patient monitoring and dosage adjustment of trospium and/or tenofovir, PMPA is recommended.
Tucatinib: (Moderate) Coadministration of rilpivirine with tucatinib may result in increased plasma concentrations of rilpivirine, leading to an increase in rilpivirine-related adverse effects. Rilpivirine is a CYP3A4 substrate and tucatinib is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. (Moderate) Coadministration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with tucatinib may result in increased plasma concentrations of tenofovir, leading to an increase in tenofovir-related adverse effects. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate and tucatinib is a P-gp inhibitor.
Valacyclovir: (Moderate) Monitor for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus if tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is administered in combination with nephrotoxic agents, such as valacyclovir. Tenofovir is primarily excreted via the kidneys by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. Concurrent administration with drugs that decrease renal function may increase concentrations of tenofovir. In addition, use with drugs that are also eliminated by active tubular secretion may increase concentrations of the co-administered drug. Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; a majority of the cases occurred in patients who had underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Tenofovir containing products should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus, and urine glucose and protein. (Moderate) Monitor for valacyclovir or emtricitabine-related adverse events during concomitant use. Concomitant use may increase valacyclovir or emtricitabine concentrations. Coadministration of drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion, such as valacyclovir and emtricitabine, may increase the risk of adverse reactions.
Valganciclovir: (Moderate) Monitor for changes in serum creatinine and adverse reactions, such as lactic acidosis or hepatotoxicity if emtricitabine is administered in combination with nephrotoxic agents, such as valganciclovir. Consider the potential for drug interaction prior to and during concurrent use of these medications. Both emtricitabine and valganciclovir are excreted via the kidneys by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. While no drug interactions due to competition for renal excretion have been observed, coadministration of these medications may increase concentrations of both drugs. (Minor) Since tenofovir is primarily eliminated by the kidneys, concurrent administration of tenofovir disoproxil with valganciclovir may increase serum concentrations of tenofovir via competition for renal tubular secretion.
Vancomycin: (Moderate) Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent, such as vancomycin. Patients receiving these drugs together should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus. Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir; a majority of cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents.
Vandetanib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of vandetanib with rilpivirine due to an increased risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). If concomitant use is unavoidable, monitor ECGs for QT prolongation and monitor electrolytes; correct hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and/or hypomagnesemia prior to vandetanib administration. An interruption of vandetanib therapy or dose reduction may be necessary for QT prolongation. Vandetanib can prolong the QT interval in a concentration-dependent manner; TdP and sudden death have been reported in patients receiving vandetanib. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have also caused QT prolongation.
Vardenafil: (Moderate) Concomitant use of vardenafil and rilpivirine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose.
Vemurafenib: (Major) Due to the potential for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP), caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with vemurafenib. If these drugs must be coadministered, ECG monitoring is recommended; closely monitor the patient for QT interval prolongation. Both vemurafenib and supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have been associated with QT prolongation. Also, rilpivirine is a CYP3A4 substrate, while vemurafenib is a CYP3A4 substrate and inducer. Therefore, decreased concentrations of rilpivirine and potential loss of virologic response may occur with concomitant use. (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering tenofovir, PMPA, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, concurrently with inhibitors of P-gp, such as vemurafenib. Coadministration may result in increased absorption of tenofovir. Monitor for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions.
Venlafaxine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of venlafaxine and rilpivirine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose.
Verapamil: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering verapamil with rilpivirine due to an increased potential for rilpivirine-related adverse events. Although this interaction has not been studied, predictions can be made based on metabolic pathways. Verapamil is an inhibitor of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in increased rilpivirine plasma concentrations. (Moderate) Coadministration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with verapamil may result in increased plasma concentrations of tenofovir, leading to an increase in tenofovir-related adverse effects. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a P-gp substrate and verapamil is a P-gp inhibitor.
Voclosporin: (Moderate) Coadministration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and voclosporin may result in increased plasma concentrations of tenofovir, leading to an increase in tenofovir-related adverse effects. Concomitant use may also may result in additive nephrotoxicity. Monitor for renal toxicity if concomitant use is required. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a P-gp substrate and voclosporin is a P-gp inhibitor. (Moderate) Concomitant use of voclosporin and rilpivirine may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Consider interventions to minimize the risk of progression to torsades de pointes (TdP), such as ECG monitoring and correcting electrolyte abnormalities, particularly in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Both voclosporin and rilpivirine have been associated with QT prolongation at supratherapeutic doses.
Vonoprazan: (Contraindicated) Concomitant use of vonoprazan with rilpivirine is contraindicated due to the potential for treatment failure and/or the development of rilpivirine or NNRTI resistance. Vonoprazan reduces intragastric acidity, which may decrease the absorption of rilpivirine reducing its efficacy.
Vonoprazan; Amoxicillin: (Contraindicated) Concomitant use of vonoprazan with rilpivirine is contraindicated due to the potential for treatment failure and/or the development of rilpivirine or NNRTI resistance. Vonoprazan reduces intragastric acidity, which may decrease the absorption of rilpivirine reducing its efficacy.
Vonoprazan; Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin: (Contraindicated) Concomitant use of vonoprazan with rilpivirine is contraindicated due to the potential for treatment failure and/or the development of rilpivirine or NNRTI resistance. Vonoprazan reduces intragastric acidity, which may decrease the absorption of rilpivirine reducing its efficacy. (Major) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering clarithromycin with rilpivirine due to an increased potential for rilpivirine-related adverse events. When possible, alternative antibiotics should be considered. Predictions about the interaction can be made based on metabolic pathways. Clarithromycin is an inhibitor of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in increased rilpivirine plasma concentrations. Also, supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation; caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with other drugs that may prolong the QT or PR interval, such as clarithromycin. (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering tenofovir, PMPA, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, concurrently with inhibitors of P-gp, such as clarithromycin. Coadministration may result in increased absorption of tenofovir. Monitor for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions.
Voriconazole: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering voriconazole with rilpivirine due to the potential for additive effects on the QT interval, increased exposure to rilpivirine, and decreased exposure to voriconazole. Monitor for breakthrough fungal infections in patients receiving rilpivirine with an azole antifungal. Rilpivirine, a CYP3A4 substrate, and voriconazole, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, are both associated with QT prolongation; rilpivirine dosage adjustments are not recommended. In addition, concurrent use of rilpivirine decreased exposure to another azole antifungal. A similar interaction may occur with voriconazole.
Vorinostat: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with vorinostat. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Vorinostat therapy is also associated with a risk of QT prolongation.
Voxelotor: (Moderate) Coadministration of rilpivirine with voxelotor may result in increased plasma concentrations of rilpivirine, leading to an increase in rilpivirine-related adverse effects. Rilpivirine is a CYP3A substrate and voxelotor is a moderate CYP3A inhibitor.
Zafirlukast: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering zafirlukast with rilpivirine due to an increased potential for rilpivirine-related adverse events. Although this interaction has not been studied, predictions can be made based on metabolic pathways. Zafirlukast is an inhibitor of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in increased rilpivirine plasma concentrations.
Ziprasidone: (Major) Concomitant use of ziprasidone and rilpivirine should be avoided due to the potential for additive QT prolongation. Clinical trial data indicate that ziprasidone causes QT prolongation; there are postmarketing reports of torsade de pointes (TdP) in patients with multiple confounding factors. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation.
Zoledronic Acid: (Moderate) Tenofovir-containing products should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent, such as zoledronic acid. Tenofovir is primarily excreted via the kidneys by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. Coadministration of tenofovir with drugs that are eliminated by active tubular secretion may increase concentrations of tenofovir and/or the co-administered drug. Drugs that decrease renal function may also increase concentrations of tenofovir. Renal impairment, which may include hypophosphatemia, has been reported with the use of tenofovir with a majority of the cases occurring in patients who have underlying systemic or renal disease or who are concurrently taking nephrotoxic agents. Monitor patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Zonisamide: (Minor) Caution is advised when administering tenofovir disoproxil fumarate concurrently with zonisamide, as coadministration may result in elevated tenofovir plasma concentrations. Inhibitors of the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp), such as zonisamide, may increase absorption of tenofovir, a P-gp substrate. If these medications are administered together, monitor for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions.
The combination therapy of emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is not antagonistic in cell culture. Additionally, cross-resistance between rilpivirine and emtricitabine or tenofovir has not been demonstrated.
Emtricitabine: Emtricitabine, a synthetic nucleoside analog of cytidine, is phosphorylated by cellular enzymes to form emtricitabine 5'-triphosphate. Emtricitabine 5'-triphosphate inhibits the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) by competing with the natural substrate deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate for incorporation into nascent viral DNA, resulting in chain termination. Emtricitabine 5'-triphosphate is a weak inhibitor of mammalian DNA polymerase alpha, beta, epsilon, and mitochondrial DNA polymerase-gamma.
The antiviral activity of emtricitabine against laboratory and clinical isolates of HIV-1 was assessed in lymphoblastoid cell lines, the MAGI-CCR5 cell line, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The 50% effective concentration (EC50) values for emtricitabine were in the range of 1.3 to 640 nanomolar. Emtricitabine displayed antiviral activity in cell culture against HIV-1 clades A, B, C, D, E, F, and G (EC50 values ranged from 7 to 75 nanomolar) and showed strain-specific activity against HIV-2 (EC50 values ranged from 7 to 1,500 nanomolar in PBMCs and MAGI cells).
Emtricitabine-resistant isolates of HIV-1 have been selected in cell culture and in vivo. Genotypic analysis of these isolates showed that the reduced susceptibility to emtricitabine was associated with a valine or isoleucine (M184V/I) substitution in the HIV-1 RT. People with the M184V/I mutation are cross-resistant to lamivudine, but retain susceptibility to didanosine, stavudine, tenofovir, and zidovudine, and to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). HIV-1 isolates containing the K65R substitution, selected in vivo by abacavir, didanosine, and tenofovir, demonstrated reduced susceptibility to inhibition by emtricitabine. Viruses harboring substitutions conferring reduced susceptibility to zidovudine and stavudine (M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215Y/F, K219Q/E) or didanosine (L74V) remained susceptible to emtricitabine. HIV-1 containing the K103N substitution associated with resistance to NNRTIs was susceptible to emtricitabine.
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: Tenofovir inhibits viral reverse transcriptase and acts as a DNA chain terminator. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (tenofovir DF) is an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate (nucleotide) diester analog of adenosine monophosphate. Tenofovir DF requires initial diester hydrolysis for conversion to tenofovir. Tenofovir is then taken up by cells and undergoes phosphorylation to form tenofovir diphosphate (PMPApp). Tenofovir diphosphate competitively inhibits RNA- and DNA-directed reverse transcriptase. Tenofovir diphosphate competes with the natural substrate deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate and, since it lacks a 3' hydroxyl group, causes premature DNA termination. The EC50 for tenofovir ranges from 40 to 8,500 nanomolar. Tenofovir diphosphate is a weak inhibitor of mammalian DNA polymerase alpha, beta, and mitochondrial DNA polymerase-gamma.
HIV isolates with reduced susceptibility to tenofovir have been selected in vitro. These viruses expressed mutations in reverse transcriptase with either K65R or K70E substitutions. Both mutations reduced HIV-1 susceptibility to tenofovir (2- to 4-fold for the K65R mutation) and confer cross-resistance with abacavir, didanosine, emtricitabine, and lamivudine.
Rilpivirine: Rilpivirine inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Unlike nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), it does not compete for binding nor does it require phosphorylation to be active. Rilpivirine binds directly to a site on reverse transcriptase that is distinct from where NRTIs bind. This binding causes disruption of the enzyme's active site thereby blocking RNA-dependent and DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activities. The EC50 for wild type laboratory-adapted strains of HIV-1 is 0.73 nanomolar. It has very limited activity against HIV-2 reverse transcriptase with an EC50 ranging from 2,510 to 10,830 nanomolar. Human cellular DNA polymerase alpha, beta, and gamma are not inhibited by rilpivirine.
During clinical use, treatment-emergent genotypic and phenotypic resistance occurred more frequently in patients receiving emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir (61%; n = 47/77) than in patients treated with efavirenz; emtricitabine; tenofovir (42%; n = 18/43). Amino acid substitutions observed in these rilpivirine virologic failures included V90I, K101E/P/T, E138K/A/Q/G, V179I/L, Y181I/C, V189I, H221Y, F227C/L, and M230L. In addition, resistance to emtricitabine or tenofovir developed in 57% (44/77) of patients in the rilpivirine group compared to 26% (11/43) in the efavirenz arm. Cross-resistance to efavirenz, etravirine, and nevirapine is likely after virologic failure and development of rilpivirine resistance.
Avoid the use of rilpivirine in patients with HIV-2, as HIV-2 is intrinsically resistant to NNRTIs. To identify the HIV strain, The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for HIV diagnostic testing recommend initial HIV testing using an HIV-1/HIV-2 antigen/antibody combination immunoassay and subsequent testing using an HIV-1/HIV-2 antibody differentiation immunoassay.
Emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets are administered orally.
-Emtricitabine: Emtricitabine exhibits low plasma protein binding of less than 4%, and protein binding is independent of plasma concentration. At peak plasma concentration, the mean plasma to blood drug concentration ratio is approximately 1, and the mean semen to plasma drug concentration ratio is approximately 4. Emtricitabine is metabolized via oxidation to 3'-sulfoxide diastereomer (approximately 9% of dose) and via conjugation with glucuronic acid to 2'-O-glucuronide (approximately 4% of dose). The plasma half-life of emtricitabine is approximately 10 hours. Emtricitabine is excreted renally (86%) and via feces (14%). Renal clearance is greater than the estimated creatinine clearance; elimination is presumed to be by both glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion.
-Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: Plasma protein binding of tenofovir is negligible at less than 0.7%. Intracellularly, tenofovir undergoes phosphorylation to its active metabolite, tenofovir diphosphate (PMPApp). Neither tenofovir nor tenofovir diphosphate are substrates for cytochrome P450 (CYP) hepatic isoenzymes. Tenofovir is eliminated by a combination of glomerular filtration and active renal tubular secretion, with approximately 70% to 80% of an intravenously administered dose being excreted unchanged in the urine by 72 hours. The terminal elimination half-life of a single oral tenofovir dose is approximately 17 hours.
-Rilpivirine: Rilpivirine is highly protein bound (99.7%), predominantly to albumin. It is unknown if there is distribution into compartments other than plasma, such as cerebrospinal fluid or gastrointestinal tract secretions. Metabolism occurs primarily via oxidation by CYP3A system. The terminal elimination half-life is approximately 50 hours with excretion occurring predominately through the feces. Following administration of a single oral dose, an average of 85% is eliminated via the feces, and 6.1% is excreted in the urine. Metabolites account for the majority of the excretion with only 25% of an administered dose excreted as unchanged rilpivirine (25% in feces, less than 1% in urine).
Affected cytochrome P450 isoenzymes and drug transporters: CYP3A, P-gp, BCRP
Rilpivirine is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a substrate for the drug transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP).
-Route-Specific Pharmacokinetics
Oral Route
In fed, healthy subjects, one emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Complera) tablet was found to be bioequivalent to the coadministration of one emtricitabine (Emtriva) capsule (200 mg) plus one rilpivirine tablet (25 mg) plus one tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Viread) tablet (300 mg). Under fasting conditions, exposure to the rilpivirine component of emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate was 25% higher when compared to the coadministered single agents; exposure to emtricitabine and tenofovir were unaffected.
-Emtricitabine: Emtricitabine is rapidly and extensively absorbed, with a mean absolute bioavailability of 93% and peak plasma concentrations occurring at 1 to 2 hours post-dose; exposure (AUC) is not affected by food. The AUC and Cmax increase in proportion to oral dosage over the range of 25 to 200 mg.
-Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: Oral bioavailability, from tenofovir DF 300 mg, is 25% in the fasted state. Administration with a high-fat meal (700 to 1000 kcal; 40% to 50% fat) increases bioavailability, with an increase in exposure (AUC) and Cmax of 40% and 14%, respectively. Another study found the AUC and Cmax increased by 28% and 12%, respectively, with a light meal (390 kcal; 12 g fat) and 38% and 32%, respectively, with a standard meal (540 kcal; 21 g fat). Following administration of a single 300 mg dose in fasting state, the Cmax is achieved in 1.0 +/- 0.4 hours; food delays time to Cmax by approximately 1 hour. The AUC and Cmax are dose proportional over a range of 75 to 600 mg and are not affected by repeated dosing.
-Rilpivirine: Absolute oral bioavailability is unknown; however, the time to reach maximum plasma concentrations is approximately 4 to 5 hours. Compared to fasting conditions, exposure (AUC) is increased by 40% when administered with a normal caloric (533 kcal) or high fat, high caloric meal (928 kcal). Another study found the AUC and Cmax increased by 9% and 34%, respectively, with a light meal (390 kcal; 12 g fat) and 16% and 26%, respectively, with a standard meal (540 kcal; 21 g fat). Administering with only a protein-rich nutritional drink decreases AUC by 50% when compared with fed conditions.
-Special Populations
Hepatic Impairment
-Emtricitabine: No information regarding use of emtricitabine in patients with hepatic impairment is available.
-Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: No substantial pharmacokinetic changes have been noted in patients with moderate to severe hepatic impairment following administration of tenofovir.
-Rilpivirine: During a study evaluating the effects of hepatic impairment on rilpivirine pharmacokinetics, exposure following multiple doses was increased by 47% in patients with mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class A) and 5% in patients with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class B) when compared against matched controls. Pharmacokinetic parameters have not been studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class C).
Renal Impairment
-Emtricitabine and Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: Cmax and AUC of emtricitabine and tenofovir are increased in patients with moderate to severe renal impairment; dosage adjustments are required (see Dosage).
-Rilpivirine: Analysis of rilpivirine pharmacokinetics indicate that exposure in patients with mild renal impairment is comparable to the exposure observed in patients with normal renal function. There is limited information available regarding the pharmacokinetics in patients with moderate to severe renal impairment or in patients with end-stage renal disease.
Pediatrics
Pediatric clinical trials have not been performed using the emtricitabine; rilpivirine; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate fixed-dose combination tablets. The pharmacokinetic data below is based on clinical trials performed with the individual components.
-Emtricitabine: The pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine in pediatric patients (12 to 17 years) receiving a daily dose of 6 mg/kg (Max: 240 mg) oral solution or 200 mg oral capsule were comparable to those seen in adults receiving a once daily dose of 200 mg.
-Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: The pharmacokinetics of tenofovir in pediatric patients (12 to 17 years) receiving a once daily dose of 300 mg were comparable to those seen in adults receiving this same dosage.
-Rilpivirine: The pharmacokinetics of rilpivirine in pediatric patients (12 to 17 years) receiving a dose of 25 mg once daily were comparable to those seen in adults receiving this same dosage. Body weight had no clinically significant impact on rilpivirine pharmacokinetics in pediatric patients.
Other
Pregnancy
-Emtricitabine: According to population pharmacokinetic modeling, clearance of emtricitabine is increased by 18% during pregnancy compared with non-pregnant patients. This increased clearance results in drug exposures (AUC) and peak concentrations (Cmax) that are reduced by 15% and 16.5%, respectively, during the second and third trimesters. All trough concentrations (Cmin) remain above therapeutic levels (IC50); thus dosage adjustments are not required. Placental transfer to the fetus is high.
-Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: Pregnancy alters the pharmacokinetic parameters of tenofovir. In 1 study, a 30% increase in the clearance of tenofovir was observed in 34 pregnant women with HIV. In addition, the drug exposure (AUC), peak (Cmax), and trough (Cmin) obtained during the third trimester were 23% (p < 0.001), 19% (p = 0.001) and 21% (p = 0.003) lower, respectively, than those obtained postpartum. Despite these reductions, most women maintain a therapeutic AUC of at least 2 mg x hour/L throughout pregnancy; thus, dosage adjustments are not required. Changes in the pharmacokinetics of tenofovir are theorized to be a result of increased renal clearance, expanded plasma volume, or reduced gastrointestinal absorption. Tenofovir has a high placental transfer to the fetus.
-Rilpivirine: In a study of 80 female rilpivirine recipients (second trimester, n = 19; third trimester, n = 31; postpartum, n = 30), reductions in systemic drug exposure (AUC) and trough concentrations (Cmin) were observed during pregnancy as compared to postpartum. Median Cmin values recorded during the second trimester, third trimester, and postpartum period were 65 ng/mL, 56 ng/mL, and 81 ng/mL, respectively. The median AUC values in the third trimester were 1.70 ng x hour/mL, compared to 2.39 ng x hour/mL during postpartum. Despite the lower AUC values during pregnancy, more than 90% of women in both the second and third trimesters achieved the target concentration of 0.88 ng x hour/mL. Similar results were observed in another pharmacokinetic study involving women who received a rilpivirine-containing regimen during the second trimester (n = 15), third trimester (n = 13), and postpartum period (n = 11). In this study, total rilpivirine exposures were 30% to 40% lower during pregnancy than during postpartum evaluation (i.e., 6 to 12 weeks after delivery). Further, the mean peak (Cmax) and trough (Cmin) concentrations associated with a 25 mg rilpivirine dose were higher after deliver (167 +/- 101 ng/mL; 84 +/- 58.8 ng/mL) than during the second (121 +/- 45.9 ng/mL; 54.3 +/- 25.8 ng/mL) or third trimesters (123 +/- 47.5 ng/mL; 52.9 +/- 24.4 ng/mL). No dosage adjustments are recommended; although healthcare providers are advised to closely monitor viral loads during pregnancy. Rilpivirine has a moderate to high placental transfer to the fetus.