Latanoprostene bunod is a prostaglandin analog indicated for the reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with open angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Latanoprostene bunod should not be administered more than once daily, since it has been shown that more frequent administration of prostaglandin analogs may lessen the intraocular pressure lowering effect. Prior to latanoprostene bunod administration, patients should be informed of the potential for irreversible pigmentation (brown) of the iris.
General Administration Information
For storage information, see the specific product information within the How Supplied section.
Route-Specific Administration
Ophthalmic Administration
-Instruct patient on proper instillation of the eye solution.
-Wash hands before and after use.
-Tilt the head back slightly and pull the lower eyelid down with the index finger to form a pouch. Squeeze 1 drop into the pouch and gently close eyes for 1 to 2 minutes. Do not blink.
-Care should be taken to avoid contamination. Do not touch the tip of the dropper to the eye, fingertips, or other surface.
-The solution may be used concomitantly with other topical ophthalmic drug products to lower intraocular pressure. If more than one topical ophthalmic drug is being used, the drugs should be administered at least 5 minutes apart.
Ocular adverse reactions were experienced by recipients of latanoprostene bunod during two 12-month clinical trials. These reactions included conjunctival hyperemia (6%), ocular irritation (4%), ocular pain (3%), and instillation site pain (2%). In addition, approximately 0.6% of patients discontinued therapy due to ocular events such as ocular hyperemia, conjunctival irritation, ocular irritation, ocular pain, conjunctival edema, blurred vision, punctate keratitis, and foreign body sensation. Prostaglandin analogs have also been associated with increased pigmentation of the iris and periorbital tissues (eyelids). Iridal discoloration happens slowly and may not be noticeable for several months to several years. This change is caused by an increase in the amount of brown pigment in the iris due to a increased melanin content in the melanocytes. The increase in brown pigment has not been shown to progress further upon discontinuation of treatment, however the resultant color change may be permanent. The drug may also gradually change eyelashes and vellus hair; these changes include increased length, thickness, and number of lashes or hairs (hypertrichosis). Eyelid skin darkening (eyelid skin hyperpigmentation) has also been reported.
Latanoprostene bunod should be used with caution in patients with aphakia, pseudophakic patients with a torn posterior lens capsule, and patients with known risk factors for macular edema. Macular edema, including cystoid macular edema, has been reported during treatment with prostaglandin analogs.
Avoid use of latanoprostene bunod in patients with active ocular inflammation, as the drug may exacerbate this condition. In addition, caution is advised when considering use in patients with a history of iritis or uveitis.
Latanoprostene bunod ophthalmic solution is formulated with the preservative benzalkonium chloride, which may be absorbed by soft contact lenses. Remove contact lenses before instilling the ophthalmic drops; contact lenses may be reinserted 15 minutes after drug administration.
Latanoprostene bunod is not recommended for use in pediatric patients (i.e., neonates, infants, children, adolescents) ages 16 years or younger because of safety concerns related to increased pigmentation following long-term use. Prostaglandin analogs, like latanoprostene bunod, have been associated with increased pigmentation of the iris and periorbital tissue. These changes in pigmentation are a result of increased melanin content in the melanocytes, and are expected to increase as long as the drug is administered; however, iris color change may not be noticeable for several months to years. Typically the brown pigmentation around the pupil spreads towards the periphery of the iris and the iris becomes brownish. While treatment can be continued in patients who develop noticeable increases in iris pigmentation, these patients should undergo ophthalmic examination regularly. In addition, drug recipients may experience a gradual increase in the length, thickness, and number of eyelashes. After treatment discontinuation, pigmentation of the iris is likely to be permanent, while pigmentation of the periorbital tissue and eyelash changes are likely reversible. Inform patients of the possibility for increased pigmentation and changes in eyelashes prior to use of the drug.
The use of multiple dose containers of ophthalmic products has been associated with bacterial keratitis. Inadvertent contamination of the latanoprostene bunod containers may increase the risk of infection in patients with corneal disease or a disruption in ocular epithelial surface. If there is any damage to the ocular epithelial surface, the drug should be used with caution.
Human data are limited regarding use of latanoprostene bunod during pregnancy, and it is unknown if the drug produces an adverse effect on human reproduction or the fetus. In animal studies, the drug was shown to be abortifacient and teratogenic when administered intravenously to pregnant rabbits at exposures greater than or equal to 0.28-times the clinical dose. Structural abnormalities observed in rabbit fetuses included anomalies of the great vessels and aortic arch vessels, domed head, sternebral and vertebral skeletal anomalies, limb hyperextension and malrotation, abdominal distension, and edema. Higher doses (i.e., 23-times the clinical dose) produced 100% embryofetal lethality.
According to the manufacturer, it is not known whether latanoprostene bunod is excreted in breast milk. In addition, it is unknown if the drug produces an adverse effect on milk product or the breast-fed infant. Consider the benefits of breast-feeding, the risk of potential infant drug exposure, and the risk of an untreated or inadequately treated condition. If a breast-feeding infant experiences an adverse effect related to a maternally administered drug, healthcare providers are encouraged to report the adverse effect to the FDA.
For the reduction of increased intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension:
Ophthalmic dosage:
Adults and Adolescents 17 years and older: 1 drop applied to each affected eye once daily in the evening. More frequent administration may decrease the intraocular pressure-lowering effect.
Maximum Dosage Limits:
-Adults
1 drop/day per affected eye.
-Geriatric
1 drop/day per affected eye.
-Adolescents
17 years: 1 drop/day per affected eye.
16 years and younger: Use not recommended.
-Children
Use not recommended.
-Infants
Use not recommended.
-Neonates
Use not recommended.
Patients with Hepatic Impairment Dosing
Specific guidelines for dosage adjustments in hepatic impairment are not available; it appears that no dosage adjustments are needed.
Patients with Renal Impairment Dosing
Specific guidelines for dosage adjustments in renal impairment are not available; it appears that no dosage adjustments are needed.
*non-FDA-approved indication
There are no drug interactions associated with Latanoprostene bunod products.
Latanoprostene bunod is a prostaglandin analog that lowers intraocular pressure by increasing the outflow of aqueous humor through both the trabecular meshwork and uveoscleral routes. Reductions in intraocular pressure reduces risk of glaucomatous visual field loss.
Latanoprostene bunod is administered topically to the eye. Following topical ocular administration, latanoprostene bunod is rapidly metabolized in the eye to latanoprost acid (active moiety), an F2 alpha prostaglandin analog, and butanediol mononitrate. Latanoprost acid distributes into systemic circulation, where it is further metabolized in the liver to 1,2-dinor and 1,2,3,4-tetranor metabolites by fatty acid beta-oxidation. Butanediol mononitrate is metabolized to 1,4-butanediol and nitric oxide. The 1,4-butanediol metabolite is further oxidized to succinic acid and enters the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Elimination of latanoprost acid from human plasma is rapid with concentrations dropping below the lower limits of quantification (LLOQ, 30 pg/mL) by 15 minutes post-dose.
Affected cytochrome P450 isoenzymes and drug transporters: None
-Route-Specific Pharmacokinetics
Other Route(s)
Ophthalmic Route
The pharmacokinetics of latanoprostene bunod were evaluated in a study involving 22 healthy subjects. Each subject was administered 1 drop bilaterally each morning for 28 days. A measure of post-dose systemic exposures on treatment days 1 and 28 found no quantifiable plasma concentrations for latanoprostene bunod (LLOQ of 10 pg/mL) or butanediol mononitrate (LLOQ of 200 pg/mL). For latanoprost acid, the mean maximal plasma concentrations (Cmax) were 59.1 pg/mL and 51.1 pg/mL on day 1 and day 28, respectively. The mean time of maximal plasma concentration (Tmax) for latanoprost acid was approximately 5 minutes post-dose on both treatment day.