Goserelin is a synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist administered as a subcutaneous depot. It is used for the palliative treatment of advanced prostate cancer or breast cancer, for the management of endometriosis, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, and the adjunct medical management of uterine myomas (fibroids). In males, after an initial increase in serum testosterone levels, treatment with goserelin leads to suppression of serum testosterone to castration levels approximately 2 to 4 weeks after initiation of therapy. In females, a similar down-regulation of the pituitary gland leads to decreases in serum estradiol to levels consistent with the postmenopausal state within 3 weeks of the first dose. Transient worsening of tumor symptoms may occur during the first few weeks of treatment, which may include ureteral obstruction and spinal cord compression; monitor patients at risk for complications of tumor flare.
General Administration Information
For storage information, see the specific product information within the How Supplied section.
Hazardous Drugs Classification
-NIOSH 2016 List: Group 1
-NIOSH (Draft) 2020 List: Table 2
-Observe and exercise appropriate precautions for handling, preparation, administration, and disposal of hazardous drugs.
-Use double chemotherapy gloves and a protective gown. Prepare in a biological safety cabinet or compounding aseptic containment isolator with a closed system drug transfer device. Eye/face and respiratory protection may be needed during preparation and administration.
Route-Specific Administration
Injectable Administration
Subcutaneous Administration
-Examine the foil pouch and syringe for damage. Remove the syringe from the opened foil pouch and hold the syringe at a slight angle to the light. Check that at least part of the goserelin implant is visible.
-Unlike liquid injections, there is no need to remove air bubbles. Attempts to do so may displace the goserelin implant.
-The syringe cannot be used for aspiration. If the needle penetrates a large blood vessel, blood will instantly be seen in the syringe chamber; withdraw the needle and inject elsewhere with a new syringe.
-NOTE: In the unlikely event of the need to surgically remove the goserelin implant, it may be localized by ultrasound.
Administration
-Place the patient in a comfortable position with the upper part of the body slightly raised.
-Prepare an area of the anterior abdominal wall below the navel line with an alcohol swab.
-Pull the red plastic safety tab away from the syringe and discard it. Remove the needle cover.
-Hold the syringe around the protective sleeve. Using aseptic technique, pinch the skin of the patient's anterior abdominal wall below the navel line. Use caution due to the proximity of the underlying inferior epigastric artery and its branches.
-With the bevel of the needle facing up, insert it at a 30- to 45-degree angle to the skin in one continuous deliberate motion until the protective sleeve touches the patient's skin. Do not penetrate into muscle or peritoneum.
-Grasp the barrel at the finger grip and depress the plunger until you cannot depress it any further to activate the protective sleeve and administer the implant; the sleeve will click, and then automatically begin to slide to cover the needle. If the plunger is not fully depressed, the protective sleeve will not activate. The needle does not retract.
-Withdraw the needle and allow the protective sleeve to slide and cover the needle. Dispose of the syringe in an approved sharps container.
Hot flashes were among the most common adverse reactions associated with goserelin therapy for prostate cancer (47% to 64%) due to expected physiological effects from decreased testosterone levels. Hot flashes were also common (70% to 96%) in women with endometriosis or breast cancer treated with goserelin and are also reflective of the pharmacological actions of goserelin.
Breast atrophy (33%), breast enlargement (18%), and mastalgia (7%) were reported in women with endometriosis treated with goserelin in controlled clinical trials. Gynecomastia (8%) and breast pain/swelling/tenderness (1% to 5%) were also reported in men treated with goserelin for prostate cancer.
Abdominal pain (1% to 11%), diarrhea (1% to 5%), and constipation (1% to 5%) were reported in patients with prostate cancer or breast cancer treated with goserelin in clinical trials; flatulence has also been reported. In patients with stage B2-C prostate cancer, diarrhea was reported in 36% of those treated with flutamide plus goserelin and radiation compared with 40% of those receiving radiation alone in a clinical trial.
Emotional lability (60% vs. 56%) and depression (54% vs. 48%) were reported slightly more often in women with endometriosis treated with goserelin compared with those who received danazol in a randomized clinical trial; anxiety/nervousness was also reported in 3% of goserelin-treated patients. Anxiety and depression were each reported in 1% to 5% of men and women treated with goserelin across clinical trials. Depression may worsen during the treatment with GnRH agonists, including goserelin. Consider whether the risk of continuing therapy outweighs the benefit. Refer those with new or worsening depression to a mental health professional as appropriate. Abnormal thinking was reported in 1% to 5% of all women treated with goserelin in clinical trials and in an unknown number of men; aggravation/irritability occurred in 1% to 5% of men with prostate cancer who received goserelin 10.8 mg implant every 12 weeks. In postmarketing experience, patients treated with goserelin additionally reported suicidal ideation in women, psychotic disorders (psychosis), and mood swings.
Pituitary apoplexy, a syndrome due to sudden infarction of the pituitary gland, has been reported during postmarketing experience with goserelin. Most cases occurred within 2 weeks of the first dose, and some occurred within the first hour. In these cases, pituitary apoplexy presented as a sudden headache, vomiting, visual impairment, ophthalmoplegia, altered mental status, and sometimes cardiovascular collapse. Immediate medical attention has been required. Pituitary tumors have been reported.
Administration of goserelin depot can lead to pain at the injection site or an application site or injection site reaction 6% or fewer patients. Additionally, injection site injury and vascular injury has been reported with goserelin administration, including pain, hematoma, hemorrhage, and hemorrhagic shock requiring blood transfusions and surgical intervention.
After 6 months of treatment with goserelin, females showed an average 4.3% decrease of vertebral trabecular bone mineral density (BMD) by dual-photon absorptiometry or dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry as compared to pretreatment values (n = 109). Six months after the completion of the 6-month treatment period, patients showed an average 2.4% BMD loss compared to pretreatment values (n = 66); 12 months posttreatment, patients showed an average decrease of 2.5% in BMD compared to pretreatment values. These data suggest possible reversibility of this effect. Hormone replacement therapy (estrogens and/or progestins) may be effective in reducing bone mineral loss without compromising the efficacy of goserelin in relieving the symptoms of endometriosis, but the optimal drugs, dose, and duration of treatment have not been established. Osteoporosis, decreased BMD, and bone fractures have also been reported in postmarketing experience with men treated with goserelin. The use of GnRH (LHRH) analogs for extended periods of time in adolescent children also causes reduced bone mineral density and osteopenia, potentially leading to osteoporosis. Patients with risk factors for decreased bone mineral density (chronic alcohol abuse and/or tobacco abuse, significant family history of osteoporosis or chronic use of drugs which may decrease bone mineralization) or a history of decreased bone mineral density may be at increased risk. Adding hormone replacement therapy (e.g., estrogens) to goserelin therapy in women reduces bone mineral loss, without compromising the efficacy of relieving endometriosis symptoms, and may also reduce the occurrence of vasomotor symptoms and vaginal dryness associated with hypoestrogenism. LHRH-analogs (aka GnRH analogs) have been used alone or added to growth hormone (rh-GH) therapy to moderately increase adult height in adolescents with normally timed puberty and idiopathic short stature; LHRH-analogs delay puberty and thus prolong the period of bone growth via a delay of sex hormone-induced growth-plate senescence. In one study, the use of an LHRH-agonist for 4 years, the typical duration needed to see an increase in adult height, was found to decrease bone mineral density in the lumbosacral region to more than 1 standard deviation below the population mean in 82% of adolescent patients receiving the LHRH-agonist (compared to 32% of patients receiving placebo). The reduced bone mineral density during active treatment was followed by inadequate catch-up accretion of bone mineral after treatment cessation. The authors concluded that LHRH-agonist therapy cannot be routinely recommended to augment height in short adolescents with normally timed puberty; for most adolescents the potential benefit of treatment would not outweigh the risks.
In a controlled clinical trial, treatment with goserelin caused minor but statistically significant hyperlipidemia. In women treated with goserelin for endometriosis, mean LDL cholesterol increased by 21.3 mg/dL compared to an increase of 33.3 mg/dL for those who received danazol; mean HDL increased by 2.7 mg/dL in the goserelin arm compared to a decrease of 21.3 mg/dL in the danazol arm. At the end of 6 months of treatment, HDL cholesterol fractions (HDL2 and HDL3) were decreased by 13.5 and 7.7 mg/dL, respectively, for danazol-treated patients compared to increases of 1.9 and 0.8 mg/dL, respectively, for goserelin-treated patients. Triglycerides increased by 8 mg/dL in patients who received goserelin arm compared to a decrease of 8.9 mg/dL in those receiving danazol.
Hypertension occurred in 1% to 5% of men with prostate cancer treated with goserelin and in at least 1% of women treated with goserelin in clinical trials. In one clinical trial of premenopausal women receiving goserelin for dysfunctional uterine bleeding, hypertension was reported in 6% of those treated with goserelin compared with 2% of those who received placebo. Both hypotension and hypertension have transiently been reported in postmarketing experience with goserelin, resolving either during continued therapy or after cessation of therapy.
Ovarian cyst formation has been reported in women treated with goserelin in postmarketing experience. When administered in combination with gonadotropins, goserelin treatment has been associated with ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS).
Arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, and chest pain (unspecified) occurred in 1% to 5% of men with prostate cancer treated with goserelin in controlled clinical trials; angina pectoris was reported in 1% to 5% of men with prostate cancer who received goserelin 10.8 mg implant every 12 weeks in 2 clinical trials. Chest pain, palpitations, and sinus tachycardia were reported in at least 1% of women from all clinical trials treated with goserelin, regardless of causality; myocardial infarction also occurred in postmarketing experience with women treated with GnRH agonists. Androgen deprivation therapy (e.g., goserelin) may also cause QT prolongation; correct any electrolyte abnormalities and consider periodic monitoring of ECGs and electrolytes.
Hyperglycemia and an increased risk of developing diabetes mellitus occurred in 1% to 5% of men with prostate cancer treated with goserelin in clinical trials. Monitor blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c periodically in patients treated with goserelin.
Hypersensitivity, antibody formation, and acute anaphylactoid reactions have all been reported with GnRH agonist analogues such as goserelin. One case of possible antibody formation has been reported with goserelin. Allergic reactions were reported in 1% or more of all women treated with goserelin in clinical trials.
Acne vulgaris (42% vs. 55%), seborrhea (26% vs. 52%), and pruritus (2% vs. 6%) were reported less often in women with endometriosis treated with goserelin compared to those who received danazol in a randomized clinical trial; pruritus was also reported in 1% to 5% of men with prostate cancer who received goserelin 10.8 mg implant every 12 weeks. In postmarketing reports, acne typically appeared within one month of starting treatment. Rash occurred in 1% to 6% of men and women treated with goserelin in clinical trials. Xerosis and skin discoloration were also reported in 1% to 5% of all women treated with goserelin in clinical trials.
Infection has been reported in patients treated with goserelin in clinical trials. In controlled clinical trials of men with prostate cancer, upper respiratory infection occurred in 7% of patients treated with goserelin compared with 2% of those who received an orchiectomy; chills and fever were also each reported in 1% to 5% of goserelin-treated patients. Infectious complications reported in 1% to 5% of men with prostate cancer who received goserelin 10.8 mg implant every 12 weeks included herpes simplex infections, an influenza-like syndrome, sepsis, and pneumonia. The incidence of infection (13% vs. 11%), flu syndrome (5% vs. 5%), and pharyngitis (5% vs. 2%) was similar in women with endometriosis treated with goserelin and those who received danazol in a randomized clinical trial. Pharyngitis (6% vs. 9%) and sinusitis (3% vs. 6%) were less common in the goserelin arm of a clinical trial involving women with dysfunctional uterine bleeding compared with placebo. Bronchitis, rhinitis, sinusitis, and fever were each reported in 1% to 5% of all women treated with goserelin in clinical trials.
Lower urinary tract symptoms were present in 13% of men with prostate cancer treated with goserelin in controlled clinical trials compared with 8% of those who received an orchiectomy; urinary tract infection occurred in 1% to 5% of these patients. In men with prostate cancer treated with goserelin 10.8 mg implant every 12 weeks, 1% to 5% of patients reported urinary retention, increased urinary frequency, urinary incontinence, urinary tract disorder, and/or urinary tract infection. The addition of goserelin and flutamide to radiation therapy in men with stage B2-C prostate cancer did not increase the incidence of cystitis (16% vs. 16%) or proctitis (8% vs. 8%) compared with radiation alone in a randomized clinical trial.
Lethargy was reported in 8% of men with prostate cancer treated with goserelin compared with 4% of those who received orchiectomy in controlled clinical trials. Asthenia was reported in 11% of women with endometriosis who received goserelin compared with 13% of those treated with danazol in one clinical trial. A combined term of malaise, fatigue, and lethargy was reported in 5% of women with advanced breast cancer treated with goserelin compared with 2% of those who received oophorectomy in another clinical trial. Overall, drowsiness/somnolence and malaise were reported in 1% to 5% of all women treated with goserelin in clinical trials.
Ecchymosis, epistaxis, and hemorrhage (bleeding) each occurred in 1% to 5% of all women treated with goserelin in clinical trials.
Hematuria was reported in 1% to 5% of men with prostate cancer treated with goserelin in controlled clinical trials. The addition of goserelin and flutamide to radiation therapy did not increase the incidence of hematuria compared with radiation alone in men with stage B2-C prostate cancer (7% vs. 12%).
Generalized pain was reported in 14% of men with prostate cancer treated with goserelin 10.8 mg implant every 12 weeks; pain worsened in the first 30 days of treatment in 8% of men with prostate cancer treated with goserelin in controlled clinical trials. In a randomized clinical trial, the incidence of pain reported in women with endometriosis treated with goserelin was similar to those treated with danazol (17% vs. 16%). Other musculoskeletal adverse reactions were more common in the danazol arm of this trial, including myalgia (3% vs. 11%), muscle cramps (leg) (2% vs. 6%), and hypertonia (1% vs. 10%). Arthralgia and joint disorders were reported in 1% to 5% of all women treated with goserelin in clinical trials. Back pain was reported in 1% to 5% of men and women treated with goserelin in clinical trials.
Peripheral vasodilation occurred in 57% of women with dysfunctional uterine bleeding receiving goserelin for endometrial thinning compared with 18% of those who received placebo in a randomized clinical trial.
Amblyopia and xerophthalmia were each reported in 1% to 5% of all women treated with goserelin in clinical trials.
Elevated hepatic enzymes (AST, ALT) have been reported in female patients receiving goserelin therapy, representing less than 1% of all patients; there was no other evidence of abnormal liver function. Causality between these changes and goserelin has not been established.
Transient increases in serum testosterone in men with prostate cancer, and estrogen in women with breast cancer (tumor flare), may occur during the first few weeks of goserelin therapy causing worsening symptoms or new symptoms. A small number of patients may experience a temporary increase in bone pain, which can be managed symptomatically. Isolated cases of urinary tract obstruction and spinal cord compression have been observed. If spinal cord compression or renal failure (unspecified) secondary to ureteral obstruction develops, implement standard treatment; extreme cases may require an immediate orchiectomy. Renal insufficiency, impaired urination, and urinary obstruction occurred in 1% to 5% of patients with prostate cancer treated with goserelin in clinical trials. Tumor flare occurred in 23% of pre- or perimenopausal women with advanced breast cancer treated with goserelin. Bone pain was reported in 6% of patients with prostate cancer treated with goserelin 10.8 mg every 3 months. Hypercalcemia has also been reported in some patients with bone metastases after starting treatment with goserelin.
Congestive heart failure occurred in 5% of men with prostate cancer treated with goserelin (n = 242) compared with 1% of those who received an orchiectomy (n = 254) in controlled clinical trials; it was reported in 1% to 5% of men with prostate cancer receiving goserelin 10.8 mg implant every 12 weeks in 2 controlled trials.
Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism were reported in women treated with GnRH agonists in postmarketing experience; most cases were confounded by risk factors or concomitant medication use. Pulmonary embolism also occurred in 1% to 5% of men with prostate cancer treated with goserelin 10.8 mg implant every 12 weeks in controlled clinical trials.
Cerebrovascular accident (stroke) was reported in 1% to 5% of men with prostate cancer treated with goserelin in controlled clinical trials; cerebral ischemia was separately reported in 2 clinical trials of men with prostate cancer treated with goserelin 10.8 mg implant every 12 weeks. Stroke and transient ischemic attack have also been observed in postmarketing experience in women treated with GnRH agonists; most cases were confounded by risk factors or concomitant medication use.
Vaginitis was common (75%) in women with endometriosis treated with goserelin in controlled clinical trials; it was much less common in women receiving goserelin for endometrial thinning in the treatment of dysfunctional uterine bleeding (1%) in another clinical trial. Dysmenorrhea (7%), uterine hemorrhage (6%), vulvovaginitis (5%), and menorrhagia (4%) (e.g., vaginal bleeding) were also reported in goserelin-treated patients with dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Dysmenorrhea and vaginal hemorrhage occurred in at least 1% of women treated with goserelin across all clinical trials. Clinical studies suggest the addition of hormone replacement therapy (estrogens and/or progestins) to goserelin may decrease the occurrence of vaginal dryness associated with hypoestrogenism without compromising the efficacy of goserelin; the optimal drugs, dose, and duration of treatment have not been established.
Sexual dysfunction (21%) and impotence (erectile dysfunction) (1% to 18%) were among the most common adverse reactions associated with goserelin therapy for prostate cancer, due to expected physiological effects from decreased testosterone levels. A libido decrease (47.7% to 61%) was also common in women with endometriosis or breast cancer treated with goserelin and is also reflective of the pharmacological actions of goserelin; dyspareunia was reported in 14% of women with endometriosis treated with goserelin in one clinical trial.
Pelvic pain was reported in 6% of men treated with goserelin for prostate cancer and in 9% of women with dysfunctional uterine bleeding receiving goserelin for endometrial thinning. Additionally, pelvic symptoms were reported in 18% of women with endometriosis who were treated with goserelin in controlled clinical trials.
Nausea occurred in 5% to 11% of patients treated with goserelin in clinical trials. Vomiting occurred in 1% to 5% of men with prostate cancer who received goserelin in several trials and in 4% of women with breast cancer receiving goserelin in another trial; hematemesis also occurred in 1% to 5% of men with prostate cancer treated with goserelin. Dyspepsia and xerostomia were each reported in 1% to 5% of all women treated with goserelin in clinical trials and were also reported in men with prostate cancer.
Changes in appetite have been reported in patients treated with goserelin. Anorexia occurred in 1% to 5% of patients with goserelin in clinical trials; conversely, appetite stimulation was also reported in 2% of women with endometriosis treated with goserelin, and in an unknown percentage of men with prostate cancer. Weight gain was reported in 1% to 5% of patients treated with goserelin.
Gastrointestinal ulcer (peptic ulcer) was reported in 1% to 5% of men with prostate cancer who were treated with goserelin in controlled clinical trials.
Diaphoresis has been reported in patients treated with goserelin. Sweating occurred in 6% of men with prostate cancer who received goserelin in controlled clinical trials compared to 4% of those receiving orchiectomy. In women with dysfunctional uterine bleeding receiving treatment for endometrial thinning, sweating was reported in 16% of those who received goserelin compared with 5% of those receiving placebo. Sweating was reported in 45% of goserelin-treated patients with endometriosis compared with 30% of those who received danazol in another clinical trial.
Hirsutism occurred in 7% of women with endometriosis treated with goserelin compared with 15% of those who received danazol in a randomized clinical trial; generalized hair disorders were reported in 4% versus 11% of patients, respectively. Conversely, alopecia occurred in 1% to 5% of all women treated with goserelin across clinical trials.
Headache was reported in 75% of women with endometriosis treated with goserelin compared with 63% of those who received danazol in a randomized clinical trial; dizziness was reported in 6% of goserelin-treated patients. Headache was also relatively common in women with dysfunctional uterine bleeding, occurring in 32% of those receiving goserelin for endometrial thinning compared with 22% of those who received placebo; migraine was reported in 7% versus 4% of patients, respectively. Overall, headache and dizziness were each reported in 1% to 5% of men with prostate cancer treated with goserelin in clinical trials. Migraines were reported in 1% to 5% of all women treated with goserelin in clinical trials.
Insomnia occurred in 11% of women with endometriosis treated with goserelin compared with 4% of those who received danazol in a randomized clinical trial. Insomnia was also reported in 5% of men with prostate cancer treated with goserelin compared to 1% of those who received orchiectomy in controlled clinical trials.
Edema has been reported in 1% to 7% of men and women treated with goserelin across clinical trials. Peripheral edema occurred in 1% to 5% of men with prostate cancer treated with goserelin 10.8 mg implant every 12 weeks and in 21% of women with endometriosis treated with goserelin 3.6 mg every 4 weeks.
Paresthesias were reported in 1% to 5% of all women treated with goserelin in clinical trials. Paresthesia was also reported in 1% to 5% of men with prostate cancer treated with goserelin 10.8 mg implant every 12 weeks.
Gout was reported in 1% to 5% of men with prostate cancer treated with goserelin in controlled clinical trials.
Increased cough and dyspnea were each reported in 1% to 5% of men with prostate cancer treated with goserelin 10.8 mg implant every 12 weeks in clinical trials. Increased cough also occurred in 1% to 5% of all women treated with goserelin across clinical trials.
A new primary malignancy, bladder cancer, was reported in 1% to 5% of men with prostate cancer treated with goserelin 10.8 mg implant every 12 weeks.
Anemia occurred in 1% to 5% of men with prostate cancer treated with goserelin in controlled clinical trials.
Seizures (convulsions) have been reported in postmarketing experience with goserelin.
Goserelin is contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to goserelin, GnRH, or with Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Analogs hypersensitivity; anaphylactic reactions to synthetic GnRH or GnRH agonist analogs have been reported.
As with other GnRH agonists, isolated cases of urinary tract obstruction and spinal cord compression have been observed in patients with prostate cancer due to a tumor flare response. Goserelin causes an initial transient increase in serum levels of testosterone in men with prostate cancer, and estrogen in women with breast cancer. A temporary worsening of symptoms, or the occurrence of additional signs and symptoms of prostate cancer or breast cancer, may occasionally develop during the first few weeks of treatment; a small number of patients may experience a temporary increase in bone pain, which can be managed symptomatically. If spinal cord compression or renal impairment secondary to ureteral obstruction develops, implement standard treatment; extreme cases in prostate cancer patients may require an immediate orchiectomy.
Treatment with goserelin results in suppression of the pituitary-gonadal system (pituitary insufficiency). Laboratory test interference may occur for diagnostic tests of pituitary-gonadotropic and gonadal functions conducted during treatment and until the resumption of menses; results may be misleading. Normal function is usually restored within 12 weeks after treatment discontinuation.
Use caution when administering goserelin to patients with low BMI or to patients receiving full-dose anticoagulant therapy. During administration, if the needle penetrates a large blood vessel, blood will be instantly seen in the syringe chamber; withdraw the needle immediately and monitor patients for additional hemorrhage. Injection site injury and vascular injury including pain, hematoma, hemorrhage, and hemorrhagic shock (requiring blood transfusions and surgical intervention) have been reported with goserelin therapy.
Use goserelin with caution in patients with a history of diabetes mellitus. Hyperglycemia and an increased risk of developing diabetes have been reported in men receiving GnRH agonists. Periodically monitor blood glucose and/or hemoglobin A1c in patients receiving treatment with goserelin; manage hyperglycemia or diabetes according to the current clinical practice.
Closely monitor testosterone levels in patients with obesity who have not clinically responded to treatment. Goserelin exposure decreased by 1% to 2.5% for each kilogram increase in body weight after administration of a 10.8 mg depot injection.
The safety and efficacy of goserelin in neonates, infants, children, and adolescents have not been established. Use with extreme caution in children. LHRH-analogs (e.g., GnRH analogs) have been used alone or added to growth hormone (rh-GH) therapy to moderately increase adult height in adolescents with normally timed puberty and idiopathic short stature. The LHRH-analogs delay puberty and thus prolong the period of bone growth via delay of sex hormone-induced growth-plate senescence. In one study, the use of an LHRH-agonist for 4 years, the typical duration needed to see an increase in adult height, was found to decrease bone mineral density in the lumbosacral region to more than 1 standard deviation below the population mean in 82% of adolescent patients receiving the LHRH-agonist. The authors concluded that LHRH-agonist therapy cannot be routinely recommended to augment height in short adolescents with normally timed puberty; for most adolescents, the potential benefit of treatment would not outweigh the risks.
Carefully observe women with a history of depression as depression may worsen during the treatment with GnRH agonists, including goserelin. Consider whether the risk of continuing therapy outweighs the benefit. Refer those with worsening depression to a mental health professional as appropriate.
Goserelin is contraindicated during pregnancy unless it is being used for the palliative treatment of advanced breast cancer; there is an increased risk for pregnancy loss due to expected hormonal changes that occur with goserelin treatment. Pregnancy should be avoided by females of reproductive potential during treatment with the goserelin 3.6 mg implant and for at least 12 weeks after the last dose; although monthly administration of goserelin usually inhibits ovulation and stops menstruation, pregnancy prevention is not ensured. The 10.8 mg goserelin implant is not indicated in females due to insufficient data supporting the reliable suppression of serum estradiol. Although there are no adequately controlled studies in pregnant women, goserelin can cause fetal harm or death when administered during pregnancy based on its mechanism of action and animal studies. Women who are pregnant or who become pregnant while receiving goserelin should be apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus. Goserelin crosses the placenta in rats and rabbits following subcutaneous administration. Administration of goserelin to pregnant rats and rabbits during organogenesis resulted in increased preimplantation loss and increased resorptions. When pregnant rats received goserelin throughout gestation and lactation, there was a dose-related increase in umbilical hernia in offspring; decreased fetus and pup survival was also reported. Human dose/exposure multiples could not be calculated from available animal data.
Counsel patients about the reproductive risk and contraception requirements during goserelin treatment. Goserelin can cause fetal harm if taken by the mother during pregnancy. Females of reproductive potential should avoid pregnancy and use effective contraception during and for at least 12 weeks after treatment with goserelin. Females of reproductive potential should undergo pregnancy testing prior to initiation of goserelin for benign gynecological conditions. Women who become pregnant while receiving goserelin should be apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus. Although there are no data regarding the effect of goserelin on human fertility, effects on reproductive function (infertility) are expected to occur with chronic administration as a result of the anti-gonadotrophic properties of goserelin.
Due to the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from goserelin, advise women to discontinue breast-feeding during treatment. It is not known whether goserelin is present in human milk, although many drugs are excreted in human milk.
Androgen deprivation therapy (e.g., goserelin) prolongs the QT interval. Use goserelin with caution in patients with conditions that may increase the risk of QT prolongation including congenital long QT syndrome, bradycardia, AV block, heart failure, stress-related cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction, stroke, hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, or in patients receiving medications known to prolong the QT interval or cause electrolyte imbalances. Females, geriatric patients, patients with sleep deprivation, pheochromocytoma, sickle cell disease, hypothyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, hypothermia, systemic inflammation (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, fever, and some autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and celiac disease) and patients undergoing apheresis procedures (e.g., plasmapheresis [plasma exchange], cytapheresis) may also be at increased risk for QT prolongation. An increased risk of myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death, and stroke has been reported with the use of GnRH agonists in men; this risk appears low based on reported odds ratios and should be carefully evaluated along with other cardiovascular risk factors when determining treatment for men with prostate cancer. Monitor patients for signs and symptoms of cardiovascular disease and manage according to current clinical practice.
For the treatment of breast cancer:
-for the adjuvant treatment of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer in premenopausal women*:
Subcutaneous dosage:
Adult females: 3.6 mg injected subcutaneously into the anterior abdominal wall below the navel line every 28 days. Coadministration of certain drugs may need to be avoided; review drug interactions. After a median follow-up of 6 years, adjuvant treatment with goserelin for 2 years was equivalent to treatment with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil (CMF) for disease-free survival (DFS) in premenopausal patients with node-positive, ER-positive breast cancer (HR 1.01) in a randomized, open-label trial (the ZEBRA trial); in ER-negative patients, goserelin was inferior to CMF for DFS (HR 1.76). After a median of 12 years' follow-up from another randomized, open-label trial of premenopausal women with early breast cancer (the ZIPP trial), adjuvant treatment with goserelin for 2 years resulted in a 33% reduction in the risk of having an event-free survival event, a 29% reduction in risk of overall mortality, a 34% reduction in risk of recurrence, and a 29% reduction in risk of breast cancer mortality compared with patients receiving no endocrine therapy; goserelin was as effective as tamoxifen when each is given for 2 years. In this study, the effect of goserelin was greatest in women who were node-negative and ER-positive.
-for the palliative treatment of advanced breast cancer in pre- or perimenopausal women:
NOTE: The estrogen and progesterone receptor values may help to predict whether goserelin therapy is likely to be beneficial.
Subcutaneous dosage:
Adult females: 3.6 mg injected subcutaneously into the anterior abdominal wall below the navel line every 28 days; goserelin is intended for long-term use unless clinically inappropriate. Coadministration of certain drugs may need to be avoided; review drug interactions. Treatment with goserelin resulted in a best objective response of 22% in premenopausal women with advanced ER- or PR-positive breast cancer compared with 12% in patients who received an oophorectomy; the median time to treatment failure was 6.7 months versus 5.5 months, respectively. The median survival time was 33.2 months in patients treated with goserelin compared with 33.6 months in those who received an oophorectomy. Objective responses were seen regardless of estrogen-receptor (ER) status in uncontrolled clinical trials, with a response rate of 36% in ER-positive patients, 10% to 18% in ER-negative patients, and 26% to 41% in patients with an unknown ER status.
For the treatment of endometriosis, including pain relief and reduction of endometriotic lesions:
Subcutaneous dosage (Zoladex 3.6 mg monthly implant ONLY):
Adults: 3.6 mg injected subcutaneously into the anterior abdominal wall below the navel line every 28 days for 6 months. Coadministration of certain drugs may need to be avoided; review drug interactions. Retreatment is not recommended due to lack of data. If symptoms recur and retreatment is considered, monitor bone mineral density. Goserelin reduces the extent of endometrial lesions , but the clinical significance of a decrease in endometriotic lesions is not known; laparoscopic staging of endometriosis does not necessarily correlate with symptom severity. Clinical symptoms were significantly reduced within 4 weeks of beginning therapy and were reduced by an average of 84% by the end of treatment during clinical studies.
For use as an endometrial thinning agent prior to endometrial ablation for dysfunctional uterine bleeding:
Subcutaneous dosage:
Adult females: 3.6 mg injected subcutaneously into the anterior abdominal wall below the navel line; a second 3.6 mg subcutaneous injection may be administered 4 weeks later if necessary. If one injection is given, schedule surgery 4 weeks after administration. If two injections are given, surgery should be performed within 2 to 4 weeks after administration of the second dose. Coadministration of certain drugs may need to be avoided; review drug interactions. The median endometrial thickness before surgery was significantly less in premenopausal women treated with goserelin compared to the placebo group (1.5 mm vs. 3.55 mm) in a randomized clinical trial; amenorrhea occurred in 40% of patients in the goserelin arm 6 months after surgery, compared with 26% of those in the placebo arm. In a single-center, open-label trial, median endometrial thickness before surgery was significantly less in the group treated with two injections compared to the group treated with one injection (0.5 mm vs. 1 mm); there was no difference in the incidence of amenorrhea at 24 months.
For the treatment of uterine leiomyomata (fibroids)*:
Subcutaneous dosage:
Adults: 3.6 mg subcutaneously every 28 days. Treatment with goserelin reduces uterine size and the size of uterine leiomyomata. When used as an adjunctive pretreatment for surgical removal of fibroids, treatment with goserelin results in technically easier surgical procedures, reduced intraoperative blood loss, and reduced transfusion requirements around the time of surgery. In women with fibroids who are near menopause where the fibroids may shrink, treatment with goserelin may help avoid hysterectomy.
For the treatment of prostate cancer:
-for the treatment of locally confined Stage T2b-T4 (Stage B2-C) prostate cancer, in combination with flutamide and radiation therapy:
Subcutaneous dosage:
Adult males: 3.6 mg injected subcutaneously into the anterior abdominal wall below the navel line every 28 days in combination with flutamide (250 mg PO three times daily). Alternatively, administer goserelin 3.6 mg subcutaneously once, followed in 28 days by one goserelin 10.8 mg subcutaneous injection. Begin treatment 8 weeks prior to initiating radiotherapy and continue during radiation therapy. Coadministration of certain drugs may need to be avoided; review drug interactions. In a multicenter controlled trial, treatment with goserelin and flutamide prior to and during radiation significantly decreased the rate of local failure at 4 years compared to radiation alone (16% vs. 33%) in men with bulky primary stage B2 or C prostate cancer, with or without pelvic node involvement; there was also a trend toward a reduced incidence of distant metastases (27% vs. 36%). Median disease-free survival was significantly increased in patients treated with goserelin, flutamide, and radiation compared to radiation alone (4.4 years vs. 2.6 years).
-for the palliative treatment of advanced prostate cancer:
Subcutaneous dosage:
Adult males: 3.6 mg injected subcutaneously into the anterior abdominal wall below the navel line every 28 days; goserelin is intended for long-term use unless clinically inappropriate. Coadministration of certain drugs may need to be avoided; review drug interactions. Long-term endocrine responses and objective responses were similar in patients treated with goserelin compared to orchiectomy in controlled clinical trials of patients with advanced prostate cancer. Additionally, the duration of survival was similar between the 2 treatment arms in a comparative trial.
Subcutaneous dosage:
Adult males: 10.8 mg injected subcutaneously into the anterior abdominal wall below the navel line every 12 weeks; goserelin is intended for long-term use unless clinically inappropriate. Coadministration of certain drugs may need to be avoided; review drug interactions. Long-term endocrine responses and objective responses were similar in patients treated with goserelin 3.6 mg once monthly compared to orchiectomy in controlled clinical trials of patients with advanced prostate cancer; additionally, the duration of survival was similar between the 2 treatment arms in a comparative trial. Goserelin 10.8 mg every 3 months has similar effects on the suppression of testosterone compared to goserelin 3.6 mg once monthly and is predicted to produce similar clinical outcomes.
Maximum Dosage Limits:
-Adults
Males: 3.6 mg subcutaneously depot every 28 days or one 10.8 mg depot subcutaneously every 3 months.
Females: 3.6 mg subcutaneously depot every 28 days.
-Geriatric
Males: 3.6 mg subcutaneously depot every 28 days or one 10.8 mg depot subcutaneously every 3 months.
Females: 3.6 mg subcutaneously depot every 28 days.
-Adolescents
Safety and effectiveness have not been established.
-Children
Safety and effectiveness have not been established.
Patients with Hepatic Impairment Dosing
Specific guidelines for dosage adjustments in hepatic impairment are not available; it appears that no dosage adjustments are needed.
Patients with Renal Impairment Dosing
Specific guidelines for dosage adjustments in renal impairment are not available; it appears that no dosage adjustments are needed.
*non-FDA-approved indication
Adagrasib: (Major) Concomitant use of adagrasib and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Alfuzosin: (Moderate) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving alfuzosin. Androgen deprivation therapy may prolong the QT/QTc interval. Alfuzosin may also prolong the QT interval in a dose-dependent manner.
Amiodarone: (Major) Concomitant use of amiodarone and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary. Due to the extremely long half-life of amiodarone, a drug interaction is possible for days to weeks after drug discontinuation.
Amisulpride: (Major) Monitor ECGs for QT prolongation when amisulpride is administered with goserelin. Amisulpride causes dose- and concentration- dependent QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Amoxapine: (Major) Avoid coadministration of goserelin with amoxapine due to the risk of reduced efficacy of goserelin. Amoxapine can cause hyperprolactinemia, which reduces the number of pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors; goserelin is a GnRH analog.
Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin; Omeprazole: (Major) Avoid coadministration of clarithromycin with goserelin. Clarithromycin is associated with an established risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Anagrelide: (Major) Do not use anagrelide with other drugs that prolong the QT interval such as goserelin. Torsade de pointes (TdP) and ventricular tachycardia have been reported with anagrelide; in addition, dose-related increases in mean QTc and heart rate were observed in healthy subjects. Androgen deprivation therapy (e.g., goserelin) also prolongs the QT interval; the risk may be increased with the concurrent use of drugs that may prolong the QT interval.
Androgens: (Major) Avoid concurrent use of androgens with gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists such as goserelin. Goserelin inhibits steroidogenesis; concomitant use with androgens may counteract this therapeutic effect.
Apomorphine: (Moderate) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving apomorphine. Androgen deprivation therapy may prolong the QT/QTc interval. Dose-related QTc prolongation is associated with therapeutic apomorphine exposure.
Aripiprazole: (Moderate) Concomitant use of aripiprazole and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Arsenic Trioxide: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of arsenic trioxide with goserelin; discontinue or select an alternative drug that does not prolong the QT interval prior to starting arsenic trioxide therapy. If concomitant drug use is unavoidable, frequently monitor electrocardiograms. Torsade de pointes (TdP), QT interval prolongation, and complete atrioventricular block have been reported with arsenic trioxide use. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Artemether; Lumefantrine: (Major) Avoid coadministration of artemether with goserelin if possible due to the risk of QT prolongation. Consider ECG monitoring if goserelin must be used with or after artemether; lumefantrine treatment. Artemether; lumefantrine is associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may prolong the QT/QTc interval. (Major) Avoid coadministration of lumefantrine with goserelin if possible due to the risk of QT prolongation. Consider ECG monitoring if goserelin must be used with or after artemether; lumefantrine treatment. Artemether; lumefantrine is associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Asenapine: (Major) Avoid coadministration of goserelin with asenapine due to the risk of reduced efficacy of goserelin as well as the risk of QT prolongation. Asenapine can cause hyperprolactinemia, which reduces the number of pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors; goserelin is a GnRH analog. Additionally, asenapine has been associated with QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Atomoxetine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of atomoxetine and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Azithromycin: (Major) Avoid coadministration of azithromycin with goserelin due to the increased risk of QT prolongation. If use together is necessary, obtain an ECG at baseline to assess initial QT interval and determine frequency of subsequent ECG monitoring, avoid any non-essential QT prolonging drugs, and correct electrolyte imbalances. QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) have been spontaneously reported during azithromycin postmarketing surveillance. Androgen deprivation therapy may prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Bedaquiline: (Major) Frequently monitor ECGs for QT prolongation if coadministration of bedaquiline with goserelin is necessary. Bedaquiline has been reported to prolong the QT interval; coadministration with other QT prolonging drugs may result in additive or synergistic prolongation of the QT interval. Androgen deprivation therapy may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Bismuth Subcitrate Potassium; Metronidazole; Tetracycline: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Bismuth Subsalicylate; Metronidazole; Tetracycline: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Brexpiprazole: (Major) Avoid coadministration of goserelin with brexpiprazole due to the risk of reduced efficacy of goserelin. Brexpiprazole can cause hyperprolactinemia, which reduces the number of pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors; goserelin is a GnRH analog.
Buprenorphine: (Major) Concomitant use of buprenorphine and goserelin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Buprenorphine; Naloxone: (Major) Concomitant use of buprenorphine and goserelin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Cabotegravir; Rilpivirine: (Moderate) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving rilpivirine as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Cariprazine: (Major) Avoid coadministration of goserelin with cariprazine due to the risk of reduced efficacy of goserelin. Cariprazine can cause hyperprolactinemia, which reduces the number of pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors; goserelin is a GnRH analog.
Ceritinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of ceritinib with goserelin if possible due to the risk of QT prolongation. If concomitant use is unavoidable, periodically monitor ECGs and electrolytes; an interruption of ceritinib therapy, dose reduction, or discontinuation of therapy may be necessary if QT prolongation occurs. Ceritinib causes concentration-dependent QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Chloroquine: (Major) Avoid coadministration of chloroquine with goserelin due to the increased risk of QT prolongation. If use together is necessary, obtain an ECG at baseline to assess initial QT interval and determine frequency of subsequent ECG monitoring, avoid any non-essential QT prolonging drugs, and correct electrolyte imbalances. Chloroquine is associated with an increased risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP); the risk of QT prolongation is increased with higher chloroquine doses. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Chlorpromazine: (Major) Avoid coadministration of goserelin with chlorpromazine due to the risk of reduced efficacy of goserelin; QT prolongation may also occur. Chlorpromazine can cause hyperprolactinemia, which reduces the number of pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors; goserelin is a GnRH analog. Additionally, chlorpromazine, a phenothiazine, is associated with an established risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Ciprofloxacin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of ciprofloxacin and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Cisapride: (Contraindicated) Because of the potential for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP), the use of goserelin with cisapride is contraindicated. Prolongation of the QT interval and ventricular arrhythmias, including TdP and death, have been reported with cisapride. Androgen deprivation therapy (e.g., goserelin) also prolongs the QT interval; the risk may be increased with the concurrent use of drugs that may prolong the QT interval.
Citalopram: (Major) Concomitant use of citalopram and goserelin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Clarithromycin: (Major) Avoid coadministration of clarithromycin with goserelin. Clarithromycin is associated with an established risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Clofazimine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of clofazimine and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Clomipramine: (Major) Avoid coadministration of goserelin with clomipramine due to the risk of reduced efficacy of goserelin; QT prolongation may also occur. Chlorpromazine can cause hyperprolactinemia, which reduces the number of pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors; goserelin is a GnRH analog. Additionally, Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., clomipramine) share pharmacologic properties similar to the Class IA antiarrhythmic agents and may prolong the QT interval, particularly in overdose or with higher-dose prescription therapy (elevated serum concentrations). Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Clozapine: (Moderate) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving clozapine as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy may prolong the QT/QTc interval. Treatment with clozapine has been associated with QT prolongation, torsade de pointes (TdP), cardiac arrest, and sudden death.
Codeine; Phenylephrine; Promethazine: (Major) Avoid coadministration of goserelin with promethazine due to the risk of reduced efficacy of goserelin; QT prolongation may also occur. Promethazine can cause hyperprolactinemia, which reduces the number of pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors; goserelin is a GnRH analog. Promethazine, a phenothiazine, is associated with a possible risk for QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Codeine; Promethazine: (Major) Avoid coadministration of goserelin with promethazine due to the risk of reduced efficacy of goserelin; QT prolongation may also occur. Promethazine can cause hyperprolactinemia, which reduces the number of pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors; goserelin is a GnRH analog. Promethazine, a phenothiazine, is associated with a possible risk for QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Crizotinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of crizotinib with goserelin due to the risk of QT prolongation. If concomitant use is unavoidable, monitor ECGs for QT prolongation and monitor electrolytes. An interruption of therapy, dose reduction, or discontinuation of therapy may be necessary for crizotinib if QT prolongation occurs. Crizotinib has been associated with concentration-dependent QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy (e.g., goserelin) also prolongs the QT interval; the risk may be increased with the concurrent use of drugs that may prolong the QT interval.
Danazol: (Major) Avoid concurrent use of androgens with gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists such as goserelin. Goserelin inhibits steroidogenesis; concomitant use with androgens may counteract this therapeutic effect.
Dasatinib: (Moderate) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving dasatinib as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy may prolong the QT/QTc interval. In vitro studies have shown that dasatinib also has the potential to prolong the QT interval.
Desflurane: (Major) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving halogenated anesthetics. Androgen deprivation therapy may prolong the QT/QTc interval. Halogenated anesthetics can also prolong the QT interval.
Desipramine: (Minor) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving desipramine. Tricyclic antidepressants share pharmacologic properties similar to the Class IA antiarrhythmic agents and may prolong the QT interval, particularly in overdose or with higher-dose prescription therapy (elevated serum concentrations). Androgen deprivation therapy may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Deutetrabenazine: (Major) Avoid coadministration of goserelin with deutetrabenazine due to the risk of reduced efficacy of goserelin. Deutetrabenazine can cause hyperprolactinemia, which reduces the number of pituitary gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors; goserelin is a GnRH analog. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval. Deutetrabenazine may prolong the QT interval, but the degree of QT prolongation is not clinically significant when deutetrabenazine is administered within the recommended dosage range.
Dexmedetomidine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of dexmedetomidine and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Dextromethorphan; Quinidine: (Major) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving quinidine. Quinidine administration is associated with QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Androgen deprivation therapy may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Disopyramide: (Major) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving disopyramide. Androgen deprivation therapy may prolong the QT/QTc interval. Disopyramide administration is also associated with QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP).
Dofetilide: (Major) Coadministration of dofetilide and goserelin is not recommended as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Dofetilide, a Class III antiarrhythmic agent, is associated with a well-established risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Dolasetron: (Moderate) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy outweigh the potential risks in patients receiving dolasetron as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may prolong the QT/QTc interval. Dolasetron has been associated with a dose-dependent prolongation in the QT, PR, and QRS intervals on an electrocardiogram.
Dolutegravir; Rilpivirine: (Moderate) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving rilpivirine as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Donepezil: (Moderate) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving donepezil. Androgen deprivation therapy may prolong the QT/QTc interval. Case reports indicate that QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) can occur during donepezil therapy.
Donepezil; Memantine: (Moderate) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving donepezil. Androgen deprivation therapy may prolong the QT/QTc interval. Case reports indicate that QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) can occur during donepezil therapy.
Doxepin: (Minor) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving doxepin. Tricyclic antidepressants share pharmacologic properties similar to the Class IA antiarrhythmic agents and may prolong the QT interval, particularly in overdose or with higher-dose prescription therapy (elevated serum concentrations). Androgen deprivation therapy may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Dronedarone: (Contraindicated) Because of the potential for torsade de pointes (TdP), use of goserelin with dronedarone is contraindicated. Dronedarone administration is associated with a dose-related increase in the QTc interval. The increase in QTc is approximately 10 milliseconds at doses of 400 mg twice daily (the FDA-approved dose) and up to 25 milliseconds at doses of 1,600 mg twice daily. Although there are no studies examining the effects of dronedarone in patients receiving other QT prolonging drugs, coadministration of such drugs may result in additive QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy (e.g., goserelin) is known to prolong the QT interval.
Droperidol: (Major) Droperidol should not be used in combination with any drug known to have potential to prolong the QT interval, such as goserelin. If coadministration is unavoidable, use extreme caution; initiate droperidol at a low dose and increase the dose as needed to achieve the desired effect. Droperidol administration is associated with an established risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Some cases have occurred in patients with no known risk factors for QT prolongation and some cases have been fatal. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Efavirenz: (Moderate) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving efavirenz as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy may prolong the QT/QTc interval. Prolongation of the QTc interval has also been observed with the use of efavirenz.
Efavirenz; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Moderate) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving efavirenz as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy may prolong the QT/QTc interval. Prolongation of the QTc interval has also been observed with the use of efavirenz.
Efavirenz; Lamivudine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Moderate) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving efavirenz as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy may prolong the QT/QTc interval. Prolongation of the QTc interval has also been observed with the use of efavirenz.
Eliglustat: (Moderate) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving eliglustat. Androgen deprivation therapy may prolong the QT/QTc interval. Eliglustat is also predicted to cause PR, QRS, and/or QT prolongation at significantly elevated plasma concentrations.
Emtricitabine; Rilpivirine; Tenofovir alafenamide: (Moderate) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving rilpivirine as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Emtricitabine; Rilpivirine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Moderate) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving rilpivirine as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Encorafenib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of encorafenib and goserelin due to the risk of QT prolongation. If concurrent use cannot be avoided, monitor ECGs for QT prolongation and monitor electrolytes; correct hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia prior to treatment. Encorafenib has been associated with dose-dependent QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Entrectinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of entrectinib with goserelin due to the risk of QT prolongation. Entrectinib has been associated with QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Eribulin: (Major) Closely monitor ECGs for QT prolongation if coadministration of eribulin with goserelin is necessary. Eribulin has been associated with QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Erythromycin: (Major) Concomitant use of erythromycin and goserelin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Escitalopram: (Moderate) Concomitant use of escitalopram and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Esterified Estrogens; Methyltestosterone: (Major) Avoid concurrent use of androgens with gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists such as goserelin. Goserelin inhibits steroidogenesis; concomitant use with androgens may counteract this therapeutic effect.
Etrasimod: (Moderate) Concomitant use of etrasimod and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Etrasimod has a limited effect on the QT/QTc interval at therapeutic doses but may cause bradycardia and atrioventricular conduction delays which may increase the risk for TdP in patients with a prolonged QT/QTc interval.
Fexinidazole: (Major) Concomitant use of fexinidazole and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Fingolimod: (Moderate) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy outweigh the potential risks in patients receiving fingolimod as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may prolong the QT/QTc interval. Fingolimod initiation results in decreased heart rate and may prolong the QT interval. Fingolimod has not been studied in patients treated with drugs that prolong the QT interval, but drugs that prolong the QT interval have been associated with cases of TdP in patients with bradycardia.
Flecainide: (Major) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving flecainide. Flecainide is a Class IC antiarrhythmic associated with a possible risk for QT prolongation and/or torsade de pointes (TdP); flecainide increases the QT interval, but largely due to prolongation of the QRS interval. Androgen deprivation therapy may also prolong the QT/QTc interval. Although causality for TdP has not been established for flecainide, patients receiving concurrent drugs that have the potential for QT prolongation may have an increased risk of developing proarrhythmias.
Fluconazole: (Moderate) Concomitant use of fluconazole and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Fluoxetine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of fluoxetine and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Fluphenazine: (Major) Avoid coadministration of goserelin with fluphenazine due to the risk of reduced efficacy of goserelin; QT prolongation may also occur. Fluphenazine can cause hyperprolactinemia, which reduces the number of pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors; goserelin is a GnRH analog. Additionally, androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may prolong the QT/QTc interval. Fluphenazine is also associated with a possible risk for QT prolongation. Theoretically, fluphenazine may increase the risk of QT prolongation if coadministered with other drugs that have a risk of QT prolongation.
Fluvoxamine: (Moderate) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving fluvoxamine. Androgen deprivation therapy may prolong the QT/QTc interval. Prolongation of the QT interval and torsade de pointes (TdP) has also been reported during fluvoxamine post-marketing use.
Foscarnet: (Major) Avoid coadministration of foscarnet with goserelin due to the risk of QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may prolong the QT/QTc interval. Both QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) have been reported during postmarketing use of foscarnet.
Fostemsavir: (Moderate) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy outweigh the potential risks in patients receiving other QT prolonging agents. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may prolong the QT/QTc interval. Supratherapeutic doses of fostemsavir (2,400 mg twice daily, 4 times the recommended daily dose) have been shown to cause QT prolongation. Fostemsavir causes dose-dependent QT prolongation.
Gemifloxacin: (Moderate) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving gemifloxacin as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may prolong the QT/QTc interval. Gemifloxacin may prolong the QT interval in some patients. The maximal change in the QTc interval occurs approximately 5 to 10 hours following oral administration of gemifloxacin. The likelihood of QTc prolongation may increase with increasing dose of the drug; therefore, the recommended dose should not be exceeded especially in patients with renal or hepatic impairment where the Cmax and AUC are slightly higher. Androgen deprivation therapy may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin: (Moderate) Obtain an ECG and serum electrolytes prior to initiation of concomitant use of gemtuzumab ozogamicin and goserelin due to the potential for additive QT prolongation and the risk of torsade de pointes (TdP); monitor ECGs and electrolytes as needed during treatment. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may prolong the QT/QTc interval. Although QT interval prolongation has not been reported with gemtuzumab, it has been reported with other drugs that contain calicheamicin.
Gilteritinib: (Moderate) Use caution and monitor for additive QT prolongation if concurrent use of gilteritinib and goserelin is necessary. Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy outweigh the potential risks in patients receiving other QT prolonging agents. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may prolong the QT/QTc interval. Gilteritinib has also been associated with QT prolongation.
Glasdegib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of glasdegib with goserelin due to the potential for additive QT prolongation. If coadministration cannot be avoided, monitor patients for increased risk of QT prolongation with increased frequency of ECG monitoring. Glasdegib therapy may result in QT prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias including ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Granisetron: (Moderate) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving granisetron as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy may prolong the QT/QTc interval. Granisetron has also been associated with QT prolongation.
Halogenated Anesthetics: (Major) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving halogenated anesthetics. Androgen deprivation therapy may prolong the QT/QTc interval. Halogenated anesthetics can also prolong the QT interval.
Haloperidol: (Major) Avoid coadministration of goserelin with haloperidol due to the risk of reduced efficacy of goserelin; QT prolongation may also occur. Haloperidol can cause hyperprolactinemia, which reduces the number of pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors; goserelin is a GnRH analog. Additionally, QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) have been observed during haloperidol treatment; excessive doses (particularly in the overdose setting) or IV administration may be associated with a higher risk. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Hydroxychloroquine: (Major) Concomitant use of hydroxychloroquine and goserelin acetate increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Hydroxyzine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydroxyzine and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Ibutilide: (Major) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving ibutilide. Ibutilide administration can cause QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP); proarrhythmic events should be anticipated. The potential for proarrhythmic events with ibutilide increases with the coadministration of other drugs that prolong the QT interval. Androgen deprivation therapy may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Iloperidone: (Major) Avoid coadministration of goserelin with iloperidone due to the risk of reduced efficacy of goserelin; QT prolongation may also occur. Iloperidone can cause hyperprolactinemia, which reduces the number of pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors; goserelin is a GnRH analog. Iloperidone has been associated with QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Imipramine: (Minor) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving imipramine. Tricyclic antidepressants share pharmacologic properties similar to the Class IA antiarrhythmic agents and may prolong the QT interval, particularly in overdose or with higher-dose prescription therapy (elevated serum concentrations). Androgen deprivation therapy may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Inotuzumab Ozogamicin: (Major) Avoid coadministration of inotuzumab with goserelin due to the potential for additive QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). If coadministration is unavoidable, obtain ECGs prior to the start of treatment and periodically during treatment. Inotuzumab has been associated with QT interval prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Isoflurane: (Major) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving halogenated anesthetics. Androgen deprivation therapy may prolong the QT/QTc interval. Halogenated anesthetics can also prolong the QT interval.
Itraconazole: (Moderate) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving itraconazole as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Itraconazole has been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Androgen deprivation therapy may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Ivosidenib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of ivosidenib with goserelin if possible due to an increased risk of QT prolongation. If concomitant use is unavoidable, monitor ECGs for QTc prolongation and monitor electrolytes; correct any electrolyte abnormalities as clinically appropriate. An interruption of therapy and dose reduction of ivosidenib may be necessary if QT prolongation occurs. Prolongation of the QTc interval and ventricular arrhythmias have been reported in patients treated with ivosidenib. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) also may prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Ketoconazole: (Contraindicated) Avoid concomitant use of ketoconazole and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) due to an increased risk for torsade de pointes (TdP) and QT/QTc prolongation.
Lansoprazole; Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin: (Major) Avoid coadministration of clarithromycin with goserelin. Clarithromycin is associated with an established risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Lapatinib: (Moderate) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy outweigh the potential risks in patients receiving lapatinib as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may prolong the QT/QTc interval. Lapatinib has been associated with concentration-dependent QT prolongation; ventricular arrhythmias and torsade de pointes (TdP) have been reported in postmarketing experience with lapatinib.
Lefamulin: (Major) Avoid coadministration of lefamulin with goserelin as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. If coadministration cannot be avoided, monitor ECG during treatment. Lefamulin has a concentration dependent QTc prolongation effect. The pharmacodynamic interaction potential to prolong the QT interval of the electrocardiogram between lefamulin and other drugs that effect cardiac conduction is unknown. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Lenvatinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of lenvatinib with goserelin due to the risk of QT prolongation. Prolongation of the QT interval has been reported with lenvatinib therapy. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Levofloxacin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Levoketoconazole: (Contraindicated) Avoid concomitant use of ketoconazole and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) due to an increased risk for torsade de pointes (TdP) and QT/QTc prolongation.
Lithium: (Major) Concomitant use of lithium and goserelin acetate increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Lofexidine: (Moderate) Monitor ECGs for QT prolongation if coadministration of lofexidine with goserelin is necessary. Lofexidine prolongs the QT interval. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Loperamide: (Moderate) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving loperamide. At high doses, loperamide has been associated with serious cardiac toxicities, including syncope, ventricular tachycardia, QT prolongation, torsade de pointes (TdP), and cardiac arrest. Androgen deprivation therapy may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Loperamide; Simethicone: (Moderate) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving loperamide. At high doses, loperamide has been associated with serious cardiac toxicities, including syncope, ventricular tachycardia, QT prolongation, torsade de pointes (TdP), and cardiac arrest. Androgen deprivation therapy may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Lopinavir; Ritonavir: (Major) Avoid coadministration of lopinavir with goserelin due to the potential for additive QT prolongation. If use together is necessary, obtain a baseline ECG to assess initial QT interval and determine frequency of subsequent ECG monitoring, avoid any non-essential QT prolonging drugs, and correct electrolyte imbalances. Lopinavir is associated with QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Lorcaserin: (Major) Avoid coadministration of goserelin with lorcaserin due to the risk of reduced efficacy of goserelin. Lorcaserin can cause hyperprolactinemia, which reduces the number of pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors; goserelin is a GnRH analog.
Loxapine: (Major) Avoid coadministration of goserelin with loxapine due to the risk of reduced efficacy of goserelin. Loxapine can cause hyperprolactinemia, which reduces the number of pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors; goserelin is a GnRH analog.
Macimorelin: (Major) Avoid concurrent administration of macimorelin with drugs that prolong the QT interval, such as goserelin. Use of these drugs together may increase the risk of developing torsade de pointes-type ventricular tachycardia. Sufficient washout time of drugs that are known to prolong the QT interval prior to administration of macimorelin is recommended. Treatment with macimorelin has been associated with an increase in the corrected QT (QTc) interval. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Maprotiline: (Major) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving maprotiline. Maprotiline has been reported to prolong the QT interval, particularly in overdose or with higher-dose prescription therapy (elevated serum concentrations). Cases of long QT syndrome and torsade de pointes (TdP) tachycardia have been described with maprotiline use, but rarely occur when the drug is used alone in normal prescribed doses and in the absence of other known risk factors for QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy may also prolong the QT/QTc interval. Limited data are available regarding the safety of maprotiline in combination with other QT-prolonging drugs.
Mefloquine: (Moderate) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving mefloquine as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy may prolong the QT/QTc interval. There is evidence that the use of halofantrine after mefloquine causes a significant lengthening of the QTc interval. Mefloquine alone has not been reported to cause QT prolongation.
Methadone: (Major) Coadministration of methadone with goserelin should be undertaken with extreme caution and a careful assessment of the benefits of therapy versus the risks of QT prolongation. Methadone is associated with an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP), especially at higher doses (greater than 200 mg/day but averaging approximately 400 mg/day in adult patients). Most cases involve patients being treated for pain with large, multiple daily doses of methadone, although cases have been reported in patients receiving doses commonly used for maintenance treatment of opioid addiction. Androgen deprivation therapy may prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Methyldopa: (Major) Avoid coadministration of goserelin with methyldopa due to the risk of reduced efficacy of goserelin. Methyldopa can cause hyperprolactinemia, which reduces the number of pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors; goserelin is a GnRH analog.
Methyltestosterone: (Major) Avoid concurrent use of androgens with gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists such as goserelin. Goserelin inhibits steroidogenesis; concomitant use with androgens may counteract this therapeutic effect.
Metoclopramide: (Major) Avoid coadministration of goserelin with metoclopramide due to the risk of reduced efficacy of goserelin. Metoclopramide can cause hyperprolactinemia, which reduces the number of pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors; goserelin is a GnRH analog.
Metronidazole: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Midostaurin: (Major) Consider periodic monitoring of EGCs for QT prolongation if coadministration of goserelin and midostaurin is necessary. Prolongation of the QT interval was reported in patients who received midostaurin in clinical trials. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Mifepristone: (Major) Concomitant use of mifepristone and goserelin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Mirtazapine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of mirtazapine and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Mobocertinib: (Major) Concomitant use of mobocertinib and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Molindone: (Major) Avoid coadministration of goserelin with molindone due to the risk of reduced efficacy of goserelin. Molindone can cause hyperprolactinemia, which reduces the number of pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors; goserelin is a GnRH analog.
Moxifloxacin: (Major) Avoid coadministration of moxifloxacin with goserelin as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Quinolones have been associated with a risk of QT prolongation. Although extremely rare, TdP has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Nilotinib: (Major) Avoid administration of nilotinib with goserelin due to the risk of QT interval prolongation. Sudden death and QT prolongation have occurred in patients who received nilotinib therapy. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Nortriptyline: (Minor) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving nortriptyline. Tricyclic antidepressants share pharmacologic properties similar to the Class IA antiarrhythmic agents and may prolong the QT interval, particularly in overdose or with higher-dose prescription therapy (elevated serum concentrations). Androgen deprivation therapy may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Ofloxacin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of ofloxacin and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Olanzapine: (Major) Avoid coadministration of goserelin with olanzapine due to the risk of reduced efficacy of goserelin; QT prolongation may also occur. Olanzapine can cause hyperprolactinemia, which reduces the number of pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors; goserelin is a GnRH analog. Limited data, including some case reports, suggest that olanzapine may be associated with a significant prolongation of the QTc interval. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Olanzapine; Fluoxetine: (Major) Avoid coadministration of goserelin with olanzapine due to the risk of reduced efficacy of goserelin; QT prolongation may also occur. Olanzapine can cause hyperprolactinemia, which reduces the number of pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors; goserelin is a GnRH analog. Limited data, including some case reports, suggest that olanzapine may be associated with a significant prolongation of the QTc interval. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval. (Moderate) Concomitant use of fluoxetine and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Olanzapine; Samidorphan: (Major) Avoid coadministration of goserelin with olanzapine due to the risk of reduced efficacy of goserelin; QT prolongation may also occur. Olanzapine can cause hyperprolactinemia, which reduces the number of pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors; goserelin is a GnRH analog. Limited data, including some case reports, suggest that olanzapine may be associated with a significant prolongation of the QTc interval. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Ondansetron: (Major) Concomitant use of ondansetron and goserelin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary. Do not exceed 16 mg of IV ondansetron in a single dose; the degree of QT prolongation associated with ondansetron significantly increases above this dose.
Osilodrostat: (Moderate) Monitor ECGs in patients receiving osilodrostat with goserelin. Osilodrostat is associated with dose-dependent QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Osimertinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of goserelin with osimertinib if possible due to the risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). If concomitant use is unavoidable, periodically monitor ECGs for QT prolongation and monitor electrolytes; an interruption of osimertinib therapy with dose reduction or discontinuation may be necessary if QT prolongation occurs. Concentration-dependent QTc prolongation occurred during clinical trials of osimertinib. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Oxaliplatin: (Major) Monitor ECGs for QT prolongation and monitor electrolytes in patients receiving oxaliplatin concomitantly with goserelin; correct electrolyte abnormalities prior to administration of oxaliplatin. Prolongation of the QT interval and ventricular arrhythmias including fatal torsade de pointes (TdP) have been reported with oxaliplatin use in postmarketing experience. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Oxandrolone: (Major) Avoid concurrent use of androgens with gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists such as goserelin. Goserelin inhibits steroidogenesis; concomitant use with androgens may counteract this therapeutic effect.
Oxymetholone: (Major) Avoid concurrent use of androgens with gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists such as goserelin. Goserelin inhibits steroidogenesis; concomitant use with androgens may counteract this therapeutic effect.
Ozanimod: (Major) In general, do not initiate ozanimod in patients taking goserelin due to the risk of additive bradycardia, QT prolongation, and torsade de pointes (TdP). If treatment initiation is considered, seek advice from a cardiologist. Ozanimod initiation may result in a transient decrease in heart rate and atrioventricular conduction delays. Ozanimod has not been studied in patients taking concurrent QT prolonging drugs; however, QT prolonging drugs have been associated with TdP in patients with bradycardia. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Pacritinib: (Major) Concomitant use of pacritinib and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Paliperidone: (Major) Avoid coadministration of goserelin with paliperidone due to the risk of reduced efficacy of goserelin and the risk of QT prolongation. Paliperidone can cause hyperprolactinemia, which reduces the number of pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors; goserelin is a GnRH analog. Paliperidone has been associated with QT prolongation; torsade de pointes (TdP) and ventricular fibrillation have been reported in the setting of overdose. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Panobinostat: (Major) Coadministration of panobinostat with goserelin is not recommended due to the risk of QT prolongation. Prolongation of the QT interval has been reported with panobinostat treatment. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Pasireotide: (Moderate) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving pasireotide as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Prolongation of the QT interval has occurred with pasireotide at therapeutic and supra-therapeutic doses. Androgen deprivation therapy may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Pazopanib: (Major) Coadministration of pazopanib and goserelin is not advised due to the risk of QT prolongation. If concomitant use is unavoidable, closely monitor ECGs for QT interval prolongation. Pazopanib has been reported to prolong the QT interval. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Pentamidine: (Major) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving pentamidine. Systemic pentamidine has been associated with QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy may prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Perphenazine: (Major) Avoid coadministration of goserelin with perphenazine due to the risk of reduced efficacy of goserelin; QT prolongation may also occur. Perphenazine can cause hyperprolactinemia, which reduces the number of pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors; goserelin is a GnRH analog. Perphenazine is associated with a possible risk for QT prolongation. Theoretically, perphenazine may increase the risk of QT prolongation if coadministered with other drugs that have a risk of QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Perphenazine; Amitriptyline: (Major) Avoid coadministration of goserelin with perphenazine due to the risk of reduced efficacy of goserelin; QT prolongation may also occur. Perphenazine can cause hyperprolactinemia, which reduces the number of pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors; goserelin is a GnRH analog. Perphenazine is associated with a possible risk for QT prolongation. Theoretically, perphenazine may increase the risk of QT prolongation if coadministered with other drugs that have a risk of QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Pimavanserin: (Major) Avoid coadministration of pimavanserin with goserelin due to additive QT effects and increased risk of cardiac arrhythmia. Pimavanserin prolongs the QT interval. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Pimozide: (Contraindicated) Because of the potential for torsade de pointes (TdP), use of goserelin with pimozide is contraindicated; the efficacy of goserelin may also be reduced. Pimozide is associated with a well-established risk of QT prolongation and TdP. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval. Pimozide can also cause hyperprolactinemia, which reduces the number of pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors; goserelin is a GnRH analog.
Pitolisant: (Major) Avoid coadministration of pitolisant with goserelin as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Pitolisant prolongs the QT interval. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Ponesimod: (Major) In general, do not initiate ponesimod in patients taking goserelin due to the risk of additive bradycardia, QT prolongation, and torsade de pointes (TdP). If treatment initiation is considered, seek advice from a cardiologist. Ponesimod initiation may result in a transient decrease in heart rate and atrioventricular conduction delays. Ponesimod has not been studied in patients taking concurrent QT prolonging drugs; however, QT prolonging drugs have been associated with TdP in patients with bradycardia. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Posaconazole: (Moderate) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving posaconazole as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Posaconazole has been associated with prolongation of the QT interval as well as rare cases of torsade de pointes (TdP). Androgen deprivation therapy may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Prasterone, Dehydroepiandrosterone, DHEA (Dietary Supplements): (Major) Avoid concurrent use of androgens with gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists such as goserelin. Goserelin inhibits steroidogenesis; concomitant use with androgens may counteract this therapeutic effect.
Prasterone, Dehydroepiandrosterone, DHEA (FDA-approved): (Major) Avoid concurrent use of androgens with gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists such as goserelin. Goserelin inhibits steroidogenesis; concomitant use with androgens may counteract this therapeutic effect.
Primaquine: (Moderate) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving primaquine as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Primaquine has the potential to cause QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Procainamide: (Major) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving procainamide. Procainamide is associated with a well-established risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Androgen deprivation therapy may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Prochlorperazine: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues, such as goserelin, during intermittent prochlorperazine use; avoid chronic concomitant use. Hyperprolactinemia reduces the number of pituitary GnRH receptors which may reduce goserelin efficacy. Prolactin elevations have been observed with prochlorperazine use and typically resolve rapidly following discontinuation.
Promethazine: (Major) Avoid coadministration of goserelin with promethazine due to the risk of reduced efficacy of goserelin; QT prolongation may also occur. Promethazine can cause hyperprolactinemia, which reduces the number of pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors; goserelin is a GnRH analog. Promethazine, a phenothiazine, is associated with a possible risk for QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Promethazine; Dextromethorphan: (Major) Avoid coadministration of goserelin with promethazine due to the risk of reduced efficacy of goserelin; QT prolongation may also occur. Promethazine can cause hyperprolactinemia, which reduces the number of pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors; goserelin is a GnRH analog. Promethazine, a phenothiazine, is associated with a possible risk for QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Promethazine; Phenylephrine: (Major) Avoid coadministration of goserelin with promethazine due to the risk of reduced efficacy of goserelin; QT prolongation may also occur. Promethazine can cause hyperprolactinemia, which reduces the number of pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors; goserelin is a GnRH analog. Promethazine, a phenothiazine, is associated with a possible risk for QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Propafenone: (Major) Concomitant use of propafenone and goserelin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Protriptyline: (Minor) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving protriptyline. Tricyclic antidepressants share pharmacologic properties similar to the Class IA antiarrhythmic agents and may prolong the QT interval, particularly in overdose or with higher-dose prescription therapy (elevated serum concentrations). Androgen deprivation therapy may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Quetiapine: (Major) Concomitant use of quetiapine and goserelin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Quinidine: (Major) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving quinidine. Quinidine administration is associated with QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Androgen deprivation therapy may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Quinine: (Major) Avoid coadministration of quinine with goserelin due to the risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Quinine has been associated with QT prolongation and rare cases of TdP. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Quizartinib: (Major) Concomitant use of quizartinib and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Ramelteon: (Major) Avoid coadministration of goserelin with ramelteon due to the risk of reduced efficacy of goserelin. Ramelteon can cause hyperprolactinemia, which reduces the number of pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors; goserelin is a GnRH analog.
Ranolazine: (Moderate) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving ranolazine as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy may prolong the QT/QTc interval. Ranolazine is associated with dose- and plasma concentration-related increases in the QTc interval. Although there are no studies examining the effects of ranolazine in patients receiving other QT prolonging drugs, coadministration of such drugs may result in additive QT prolongation.
Ribociclib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of ribociclib with goserelin due to the risk of QT prolongation. Ribociclib has been shown to prolong the QT interval in a concentration-dependent manner. Ribociclib-related ECG changes typically occurred within the first four weeks of treatment and were reversible with dose interruption. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Ribociclib; Letrozole: (Major) Avoid coadministration of ribociclib with goserelin due to the risk of QT prolongation. Ribociclib has been shown to prolong the QT interval in a concentration-dependent manner. Ribociclib-related ECG changes typically occurred within the first four weeks of treatment and were reversible with dose interruption. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Rilpivirine: (Moderate) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving rilpivirine as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Risperidone: (Major) Avoid coadministration of goserelin with risperidone due to the risk of reduced efficacy of goserelin; QT prolongation may also occur. Risperidone can cause hyperprolactinemia, which reduces the number of pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors; goserelin is a GnRH analog. Risperidone has been associated with a possible risk for QT prolongation and/or TdP, primarily in the overdose setting. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Romidepsin: (Moderate) Monitor ECGs for QT prolongation and monitor electrolytes at baseline and periodically during treatment if coadministration of romidepsin with goserelin is necessary. Romidepsin has been reported to prolong the QT interval. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Saquinavir: (Major) Avoid coadministration of saquinavir with goserelin if possible due to the risk of QT prolongation. If concomitant use is unavoidable, perform a baseline QCT prior to initiation of therapy and carefully follow monitoring recommendations. Saquinavir boosted with ritonavir increases the QT interval in a dose-dependent fashion, which may increase the risk for serious arrhythmias such as torsade de pointes (TdP). Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Selpercatinib: (Major) Monitor ECGs more frequently for QT prolongation if coadministration of selpercatinib with goserelin is necessary due to the risk of additive QT prolongation. Concentration-dependent QT prolongation has been observed with selpercatinib therapy. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Sertraline: (Moderate) Concomitant use of sertraline and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with sertraline is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 2 times the maximum recommended dose.
Sevoflurane: (Major) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving halogenated anesthetics. Androgen deprivation therapy may prolong the QT/QTc interval. Halogenated anesthetics can also prolong the QT interval.
Siponimod: (Major) In general, do not initiate treatment with siponimod in patients receiving goserelin due to the potential for QT prolongation. Consult a cardiologist regarding appropriate monitoring if siponimod use is required. Siponimod therapy prolonged the QT interval at recommended doses in a clinical study. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Sodium Stibogluconate: (Moderate) Concomitant use of sodium stibogluconate and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Solifenacin: (Moderate) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving solifenacin. Solifenacin has been associated with dose-dependent prolongation of the QT interval; torsade de pointes (TdP) has been reported with postmarketing use, although causality was not determined. Androgen deprivation therapy may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Sorafenib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of sorafenib with goserelin due to the risk of additive QT prolongation. If concomitant use is unavoidable, monitor electrocardiograms and correct electrolyte abnormalities. An interruption or discontinuation of sorafenib therapy may be necessary if QT prolongation occurs. Sorafenib is associated with QTc prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Sotalol: (Major) Concomitant use of sotalol and goserelin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Sunitinib: (Moderate) Monitor for evidence of QT prolongation if sunitinib is administered with goserelin. Sunitinib can prolong the QT interval. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Tacrolimus: (Moderate) Consider ECG and electrolyte monitoring periodically during treatment if tacrolimus is administered with goserelin. Tacrolimus may prolong the QT interval and cause torsade de pointes (TdP). Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Tamoxifen: (Moderate) Concomitant use of tamoxifen and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Telavancin: (Moderate) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving telavancin as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy may prolong the QT/QTc interval and telavancin has also been associated with QT prolongation.
Testosterone: (Major) Avoid concurrent use of androgens with gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists such as goserelin. Goserelin inhibits steroidogenesis; concomitant use with androgens may counteract this therapeutic effect.
Tetrabenazine: (Major) Avoid coadministration of goserelin with tetrabenazine due to the risk of reduced efficacy of goserelin; QT prolongation may also occur. Tetrabenazine can cause hyperprolactinemia, which reduces the number of pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors; goserelin is a GnRH analog. Tetrabenazine also causes a small increase in the corrected QT interval (QTc). Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Thioridazine: (Contraindicated) Because of the potential for torsade de pointes (TdP), use of goserelin with thioridazine is contraindicated; the efficacy of goserelin may also be reduced. Thioridazine is associated with a well-established risk of QT prolongation and TdP. Thioridazine is considered contraindicated for use along with agents that may prolong the QT interval and increase the risk of TdP, and/or cause orthostatic hypotension. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval. Thioridazine can also cause hyperprolactinemia, which reduces the number of pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors; goserelin is a GnRH analog.
Thiothixene: (Major) Avoid coadministration of goserelin with thiothixene due to the risk of reduced efficacy of goserelin. Thiothixene can cause hyperprolactinemia, which reduces the number of pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors; goserelin is a GnRH analog.
Tolterodine: (Moderate) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving tolterodine. Tolterodine has been associated with dose-dependent prolongation of the QT interval, especially in poor CYP2D6 metabolizers. Androgen deprivation therapy may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Toremifene: (Major) Avoid coadministration of goserelin with toremifene due to the risk of additive QT prolongation. If concomitant use is unavoidable, closely monitor ECGs for QT prolongation and monitor electrolytes. Toremifene has been shown to prolong the QTc interval in a dose- and concentration-related manner. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Trandolapril; Verapamil: (Major) Avoid coadministration of goserelin with verapamil due to the risk of reduced efficacy of goserelin. Verapamil can cause hyperprolactinemia, which reduces the number of pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors; goserelin is a GnRH analog.
Trazodone: (Major) Concomitant use of trazodone and goserelin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Triclabendazole: (Moderate) Concomitant use of triclabendazole and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Trifluoperazine: (Major) Avoid coadministration of goserelin with trifluoperazine due to the risk of reduced efficacy of goserelin; QT prolongation may also occur. Trifluoperazine can cause hyperprolactinemia, which reduces the number of pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors; goserelin is a GnRH analog. Trifluoperazine is also associated with a possible risk for QT prolongation. Theoretically, trifluoperazine may increase the risk of QT prolongation if coadministered with other drugs that have a risk of QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Trimipramine: (Minor) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving trimipramine. Tricyclic antidepressants share pharmacologic properties similar to the Class IA antiarrhythmic agents and may prolong the QT interval, particularly in overdose or with higher-dose prescription therapy (elevated serum concentrations). Androgen deprivation therapy may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Valbenazine: (Major) Avoid coadministration of goserelin with valbenazine due to the risk of reduced efficacy of goserelin. Valbenazine can cause hyperprolactinemia, which reduces the number of pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors; goserelin is a GnRH analog.
Vandetanib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of vandetanib with goserelin due to an increased risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). If concomitant use is unavoidable, monitor ECGs for QT prolongation and monitor electrolytes; correct hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and/or hypomagnesemia prior to vandetanib administration. An interruption of vandetanib therapy or dose reduction may be necessary for QT prolongation. Vandetanib can prolong the QT interval in a concentration-dependent manner; TdP and sudden death have been reported in patients receiving vandetanib. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Vardenafil: (Moderate) Concomitant use of vardenafil and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Vemurafenib: (Major) Closely monitor ECGs for QT prolongation if coadministration of vemurafenib with goserelin is necessary. Vemurafenib has been associated with QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Venlafaxine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of venlafaxine and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Verapamil: (Major) Avoid coadministration of goserelin with verapamil due to the risk of reduced efficacy of goserelin. Verapamil can cause hyperprolactinemia, which reduces the number of pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors; goserelin is a GnRH analog.
Voclosporin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of voclosporin and goserelin may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Consider interventions to minimize the risk of progression to torsades de pointes (TdP), such as ECG monitoring and correcting electrolyte abnormalities, particularly in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Voclosporin has been associated with QT prolongation at supratherapeutic doses. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Vonoprazan; Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin: (Major) Avoid coadministration of clarithromycin with goserelin. Clarithromycin is associated with an established risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Voriconazole: (Moderate) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving voriconazole as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Voriconazole has been associated with QT prolongation and rare cases of torsade de pointes. Androgen deprivation therapy may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Vorinostat: (Moderate) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving vorinostat. Vorinostat therapy is associated with a risk of QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Ziprasidone: (Major) Concomitant use of ziprasidone and goserelin should be avoided due to a potential for additive QT prolongation. Clinical trial data indicate that ziprasidone causes QT prolongation; there are postmarketing reports of torsade de pointes (TdP) in patients with multiple confounding factors. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Goserelin, a synthetic decapeptide analog of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), is a GnRH agonist. It inhibits pituitary gonadotropin secretion when administered in the biodegradable formulation. In animal and in vitro studies, administration of goserelin resulted in the regression or inhibition of growth of the hormonally sensitive dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA)-induced rat mammary tumor and Dunning R3327 prostate tumor.
In males, goserelin causes an initial increase in serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels, with subsequent increases in serum levels of testosterone. Over time, chronic administration of goserelin leads to sustained suppression of pituitary gonadotropins causing serum testosterone levels to fall to castration levels approximately 2 to 4 weeks after initiation of therapy; this leads to accessory sex organ regression. In clinical trials with follow-up of more than 2 years, suppression of serum testosterone to castrate levels has been maintained for the duration of therapy.
In females, a similar down-regulation of the pituitary gland occurs with chronic exposure to goserelin leading to suppression of gonadotropin secretion, a decrease in serum estradiol to levels consistent with the postmenopausal state, and would be expected to lead to a reduction of ovarian size and function, reduction in the size of the uterus and mammary gland, as well as a regression of sex hormone-responsive tumors, if present. Serum estradiol is suppressed to levels similar to those observed in postmenopausal women within 3 weeks after the initial dose; however, after suppression was attained, isolated elevations of estradiol were seen in 10% of patients. Serum LH and FSH are suppressed to follicular phase levels within 4 weeks after the first dose of goserelin and typically remain at that range with continued treatment. Serum LH and FSH levels are not suppressed to follicular phase levels on day 28 after a single 3.6 mg depot injection in 5% of women or less. Estradiol, LH, and FSH levels return to pretreatment values within 12 weeks after the last implant is placed.
Goserelin is administered subcutaneously. It was 27.3% bound to plasma proteins in one sample from both healthy volunteers and patients (both male and female). The apparent volume of distribution after subcutaneous administration of 250 mcg of goserelin aqueous solution was 44.1 (+/- 13.6) liters for males and 20.3 liters for females. Goserelin is metabolized by hydrolysis of the C-terminal amino acids. The major circulating component in serum appears to be 1-7 fragment, and the major component in the urine of one healthy male volunteer was 5-10 fragment. Goserelin clearance is rapid and was significantly greater in males (110.5 +/- 47.5 mL/min) versus females (163.9 +/- 71 mL/min) when administered as a 3.6 mg depot injection; the mean systemic clearance of goserelin in men after administration of a 10.8 mg depot injection was 121 +/- 42.4 mL/min. More than 90% of a subcutaneous radiolabeled dose of goserelin solution is excreted in the urine, with approximately 20% as unchanged drug.
Affected cytochrome P450 isoenzymes and drug transporters: None
-Route-Specific Pharmacokinetics
Subcutaneous Route
Goserelin is rapidly absorbed, with peak blood concentrations of radiolabeled drug reached between 0.5 to 1 hour after dosing. After administration of the 3.6 mg depot for 2 months, the Cmax in males was 2.84 +/- 1.81 ng/mL in males and 1.46 +/- 0.82 ng/mL in females; the time to peak concentration (Tmax) was 12 to 15 days in males and 8 to 22 days in females. The AUC of goserelin for the 28-day dosing period was 27.8 +/- 15.3 ng x day/mL in males and 18.5 +/- 10.3 ng x day/mL in females. Goserelin is released from the depot at a much slower rate for the first 8 days, and then there is more rapid and continuous release for the remainder for the 28-day dosing period of the 3.6 mg depot; despite this, the every-28-day administration schedule results in testosterone levels that were maintained in the range normally seen in surgically castrated men.
After administration of goserelin 10.8 mg depot to men with prostate cancer, the initial release of goserelin reached a peak concentration of 1.8 +/- 0.34 hours after dosing. The Cmax was 8.85 +/- 2.83 ng/mL and the Cmin was 0.37 +/- 0.21 ng/mL. From day 4 until the end of the 12-week dosing period, the sustained release of goserelin from the depot produced reasonable stable systemic exposure; there was no clinically significant accumulation of goserelin following administration of four depots administered at 12-week intervals. Administration of goserelin 10.8 mg every 12 weeks suppressed testosterone to castration levels in approximately 91% of patients.
-Special Populations
Hepatic Impairment
Total body clearance and serum elimination half-life were similar between normal subjects and patients with moderate hepatic impairment (ALT/AST less than 3 times the upper limit of normal [ULN]) when treated with a 250 mcg subcutaneous formulation of goserelin. There is no pharmacokinetic data with goserelin in patients with severe hepatic insufficiency.
Renal Impairment
Male patients with impaired renal function (CrCl less than 20 mL/min) in clinical trials had a total body clearance of 31.5 mL/min compared to 133 mL/min for subjects with normal renal function (CrCl greater than 70 mL/min). The serum elimination half-life was 12.1 hours in males with CrCl less than 20 mL/min compared to 4.2 hours for subjects with normal renal function. In females, the effects of reduced goserelin clearance due to impaired renal function on drug efficacy and toxicity are unknown.
Gender Differences
The AUC of goserelin decreased by 1% to 2.5% for each kilogram increase in body weight after administration of a 10.8 mg depot injection.