Clopidogrel is an oral P2Y12 platelet inhibitor indicated to reduce the rate of myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes (unstable angina and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction [NSTEMI]), including patients who are to be managed medically and those who are to be managed with coronary revascularization, in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), and in patients with established peripheral arterial disease or with a history of recent MI or recent stroke. Clopidogrel has been shown to reduce the rate of MI and stroke. It is intended for use in combination with aspirin in the management of patients with acute coronary syndromes. A diminished antiplatelet effect for clopidogrel occurs in patients with 2 loss-of-function alleles of the CYP2C19 gene. The antiplatelet activity effectiveness of clopidogrel is dependent on its conversion to an active metabolite by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) system, principally CYP2C19. At recommended doses, clopidogrel forms less of the active metabolite and has a reduced effect on platelet activity in patients who are homozygous for nonfunctional alleles of the CYP2C19 gene, known as CYP2C19 poor metabolizers. Tests are available to identify patients who are CYP2C19 poor metabolizers, and use of another platelet P2Y12 inhibitor in patients identified as CYP2C19 poor metabolizers may be appropriate. Clopidogrel increases the risk of bleeding. Thienopyridines, including clopidogrel, inhibit platelet aggregation for the lifetime of the platelet (7 to 10 days). Because the half-life of clopidogrel's active metabolite is short, it may be possible to restore hemostasis by administering exogenous platelets.
General Administration Information
For storage information, see the specific product information within the How Supplied section.
Route-Specific Administration
Oral Administration
-May be administered with or without food.
Bleeding may occur at any site due to drug-induced platelet dysfunction. Bleeding during the CURE clinical trial occurred in 3.7% to 5.1% of patients receiving clopidogrel plus aspirin, with major bleeding and life-threatening bleeding occurring in 3.7% and 2.2% of patients, respectively. Fatal bleeding can occur and was reported in 0.2% of patients during clinical trials. Also in the CURE study, the incidence of major bleeding increased with age; and the incidence of bleeding was also higher in those receiving a combination of clopidogrel and aspirin than in patients treated with aspirin alone. In patients less than 65 years of age, the incidence of major bleeding events was 2.5% in the clopidogrel plus aspirin group vs. 2.1% in the aspirin plus placebo group. In geriatric patients aged 65 to 74 years, the incidence of major bleeding rose to 4.1% in the clopidogrel plus aspirin group vs. 3.1% in the aspirin plus placebo group; in geriatric adults 75 years of age and older, the incidence of bleeding was 5.9% in the clopidogrel plus aspirin group vs. 3.6% in the aspirin plus placebo group. In the CAPRIE study, clopidogrel was associated with a lower incidence of GI bleeding than aspirin (2% vs. 2.7%), including fewer hospitalizations for GI bleeding (0.7% vs. 1.1%) and fewer GI ulcers or peptic ulcer (0.7% vs. 1.2%). During the CURE, COMMIT, and CAPRIE trials, the incidence of intracranial bleeding ranged from 0.1% to 0.4%. Other reported adverse bleeding events during clinical trials include epistaxis, hematuria, hematoma, rectal hemorrhage, melena, and ocular hemorrhage. In the CAPRIE trial, purpura was reported in 5.3% of patients taking clopidogrel vs. 3.7% of patients taking aspirin.
Hematological effects that have been reported during post-marketing use of clopidogrel include: agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, pancytopenia, and acquired hemophilia A. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily, it is not possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to clopidogrel.
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) has been reported rarely in patients receiving clopidogrel, sometimes after short exposure (less than 2 weeks). TTP is a serious condition that can be fatal and requires urgent treatment including plasmapheresis (plasma exchange). Thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (schistocytes seen on peripheral smear), neurological findings, renal dysfunction, and pyrexia characterize TTP. In postmarketing experience, TTP has been reported at a rate of about 4 cases per million patients exposed or about 11 cases per million patient-years. The rate in the general population is approximately 4 cases per million person-years. Over a 12-year period, 11 cases of TTP were identified by active surveillance; in all but a single case, TTP developed within 14 days of beginning clopidogrel therapy. One patient died, 8 patients had complete resolution of TTP after discontinuing clopidogrel and treatment with plasma exchange, and 2 patients had relapses up to 7 months after the onset of TTP, with recovery after plasma exchange. Almost half the patients with clopidogrel-induced TTP had received cholesterol-lowering drugs. In 1 patient, TTP appeared to be induced by atorvastatin, and 1 patient had a recurrence during treatment with atorvastatin that responded quickly to plasma exchange. In this series of patients, clopidogrel-induced TTP differed from ticlopidine-induced TTP in that it occurred sooner, was prone to recurrence, and required up to 30 plasma exchanges before clinical improvement occurred.
In the CAPRIE study (clopidogrel compared to aspirin), diarrhea was reported at a higher incidence in the clopidogrel group compared to the aspirin group (4.5% vs. 3.4%, p less than 0.001), and although uncommon, severe diarrhea among patients receiving clopidogrel was twice as high as that reported in the aspirin group. Gastrointestinal adverse events reported at a higher incidence with aspirin compared with clopidogrel included abdominal pain (7.1% vs. 5.6%, p less than 0.001), constipation (3.3% vs. 2.4%, p less than 0.001), gastritis (1.3% vs. 0.8%, p less than 0.001), and dyspepsia (6.1% vs. 5.2%, p less than 0.01). Most of these adverse effects were mild and transient. Although less frequent than with aspirin, nausea and vomiting have also been reported with clopidogrel. Colitis (including ulcerative or lymphocytic colitis), pancreatitis, stomatitis, acute hepatic failure, elevated hepatic enzymes, and non-infectious hepatitis have been reported during postmarketing surveillance of clopidogrel.
In the CAPRIE study (clopidogrel compared to aspirin), rash (unspecified) and pruritus were reported more commonly in the clopidogrel group compared to the aspirin group (6% vs. 4.6%, p less than 0.001 and 3.3% vs. 1.6%, p less than 0.001, respectively). Although uncommon, the frequency of severe rash among patients receiving clopidogrel was twice as high as that reported among aspirin-treated patients (0.26% vs. 0.1%, p = 0.017). Hypersensitivity reactions, anaphylactoid reactions, serum sickness, erythematous or maculopapular rash, exfoliative dermatitis, urticaria, fever, bullous dermatitis, eczema, toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS), angioedema, erythema multiforme, skin bleeding, and lichen planus have been reported during postmarketing surveillance of clopidogrel.
The most frequent neurologic adverse events reported in the CAPRIE study (clopidogrel compared to aspirin) were headache (7.6% vs. 7.2%), dizziness (6.2% vs. 6.7%), and vertigo (2.2% vs. 2.1%). Adverse effects involving the nervous system that have been reported during postmarketing surveillance of clopidogrel include confusion, hallucinations, headache, and taste disorders (ageusia and dysgeusia). Because postmarketing reactions are reported voluntarily, it is not possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to clopidogrel.
Adverse events involving the respiratory system that have been reported during postmarketing surveillance of clopidogrel include bronchospasm, interstitial pneumonitis, and eosinophilic pneumonia.
Renal adverse events reported during postmarketing surveillance of clopidogrel include glomerulonephritis and increased creatinine concentrations.
Myalgia, arthralgia, and arthritis have been reported during postmarketing surveillance of clopidogrel. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily, it is not possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to clopidogrel.
In the CAPRIE study (clopidogrel compared to aspirin), cardiovascular events reported more frequently in the aspirin group compared to clopidogrel included hypertension (5.1% vs. 4.3%, p = 0.013) peripheral edema (1.6% vs. 1.2%, p = 0.012), and heart rate or rhythm abnormalities (5% vs. 4.3%, p = 0.011). Vasculitis and hypotension have been reported in the postmarketing surveillance of clopidogrel. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily, it is not possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to clopidogrel.
Insulin autoimmune syndrome has been reported with postmarketing use of clopidogrel. Insulin autoimmune syndrome may lead to severe hypoglycemia.
Clopidogrel is contraindicated in patients with a known hypersensitivity to clopidogrel or any component of the product.
Clopidogrel increases the risk of bleeding and is contraindicated in patients with active pathological bleeding including GI bleeding and intracranial bleeding. As with other antiplatelet agents, clopidogrel should be used with caution in patients who may be at risk of increased bleeding from trauma, surgery, or other pathological conditions including peptic ulcer disease. When possible, interrupt clopidogrel therapy for 5 days prior to surgery; resume as soon as hemostasis is achieved. Clopidogrel inhibits platelet aggregation for the lifetime of the platelet (7 to 10 days). It may be possible to restore hemostasis by transfusing platelets because the half-life of clopidogrel's active metabolite is short; however, platelets transfused within 4 hours of the loading dose or 2 hours of the maintenance dose may be less effective. Use clopidogrel and other drugs that may promote bleeding (e.g., anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, chronic use of NSAIDs) together with caution.
The manufacturer states no dosage adjustment is necessary in patients with hepatic disease. However, a bleeding diathesis may exist in these patients, especially in those with severe liver disease, which may increase the risk of bleeding associated with clopidogrel. In addition, severe hepatic disease may impair the conversion of clopidogrel, the prodrug, to its active form.
Experience is limited in patients with severe renal disease or renal failure. Use clopidogrel cautiously in patients with renal impairment.
Clopidogrel has a reduced effect on platelet function in patients who are homozygous for nonfunctional alleles of the CYP2C19 gene (i.e., poor metabolizers). Consider another platelet P2Y12 inhibitor in patients identified as CYP2C19 poor metabolizers. Data have shown that poor metabolizers have a higher risk of mortality, myocardial infarction, and stroke compared to normal metabolizers. Clopidogrel metabolism and, subsequently, platelet inhibition can also be reduced by drugs that significantly inhibit CYP2C19, such as omeprazole and esomeprazole; concomitant use should be avoided. Dexlansoprazole, lansoprazole, and pantoprazole have less effect on antiplatelet activity. Some data indicate patients may have a higher risk of reinfarction and revascularization after acute coronary syndrome when taking clopidogrel in combination with a proton pump inhibitor.
Available data from published cases and postmarketing reports with clopidogrel use during human pregnancy have not identified any drug-associated risks for major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse fetal outcomes. No evidence of fetotoxicity was observed when clopidogrel was administered to rats and rabbits during organogenesis at doses corresponding to 65 and 78 times the recommended daily human dose. There are risks to the pregnant woman and fetus associated with myocardial infarction and stroke. Therapy for the pregnant woman should not be withheld because of potential concerns regarding the effects of clopidogrel on the fetus. Clopidogrel use during labor or obstetric delivery will increase the risk of maternal bleeding and hemorrhage. Avoid neuraxial blockade (i.e., epidural anesthesia, spinal anesthesia) during clopidogrel use due to the risk of spinal hematoma. When possible, discontinue clopidogrel 5 to 7 days prior to labor, delivery, or neuraxial blockade.
There are no data on the presence of clopidogrel in human breast milk or the effects on milk production. No adverse effects on breast-fed infants have been observed with maternal clopidogrel use during lactation in a small number of postmarketing cases. Clopidogrel and/or its metabolites are excreted into the milk of lactating rats. When a drug is present in animal milk, it is likely that the drug will be present in human milk. Consider the developmental and health benefits of breast-feeding along with the mother's clinical need for clopidogrel and any potential adverse effects on the breast-fed infant from clopidogrel or from the underlying maternal condition.
Of the total number of subjects treated with clopidogrel in controlled clinical studies, approximately 50% of patients were geriatric (i.e., 65 years of age and older) and about 16% were 75 years of age and over. During clinical trials, the incidence of major bleeding increased with increasing age; the incidence of bleeding was higher in patients treated with combination clopidogrel and aspirin. If bleeding is a potential concern and combination therapy is desired, geriatric patients and their prescribers should be encouraged to use a low dose of aspirin with clopidogrel.
Safe and effective use of clopidogrel has not been established in children, infants and neonates.
In an effort to minimize the risk of cardiovascular events, avoid premature discontinuation or lapses in therapy (i.e., abrupt discontinuation) with clopidogrel. Premature discontinuation may increase the risk for cardiovascular events. If clopidogrel must be temporarily discontinued, restart therapy as soon as possible.
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), sometimes fatal, has been reported rarely in patients receiving clopidogrel, sometimes after short exposure (less than 2 weeks). TTP is a serious condition that can be fatal and requires urgent treatment including plasmapheresis (plasma exchange). Thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (schistocytes seen on peripheral smear), neurological findings, renal dysfunction, and fever characterize TTP.
Clopidogrel is contraindicated in patients with a known hypersensitivity to clopidogrel or any component of the product. Evaluate patients receiving clopidogrel for a history of thienopyridine hypersensitivity. Hypersensitivity reactions including rash, angioedema, or hematologic reactions have been reported in patients receiving clopidogrel, including patients with a history of hypersensitivity or hematologic reaction to other thienopyridines (e.g., ticlopidine, prasugrel).
General dosing information
-Persons identified as CYP2C19 poor metabolizers have a diminished antiplatelet response to clopidogrel. A higher dosage regimen (600 mg PO loading dose, followed by 150 mg PO once daily) increases antiplatelet response; however an appropriate dosage regimen for this population has not been established in clinical outcome trials.
Switching from another P2Y12 inhibitor to clopidogrel:
-Switching from intravenous cangrelor:
--Discontinue cangrelor and immediately administer clopidogrel 600 mg PO loading dose once, then clopidogrel 75 mg PO once daily.
-Switching from prasugrel:
--Within 30 days of index event and without bleeding or bleeding concerns: Discontinue prasugrel and administer clopidogrel 600 mg PO loading dose 24 hours after the last prasugrel dose, then clopidogrel 75 mg PO once daily.
-Within 30 days of index event and with bleeding or bleeding concerns: Discontinue prasugrel and consider switching directly to clopidogrel maintenance dose of 75 mg PO once daily 24 hours after the last prasugrel dose.
-More than 30 days from the index event: Discontinue prasugrel and administer clopidogrel 75 mg PO once daily starting 24 hours after the last prasugrel dose.
-Switching from ticagrelor:
--Within 30 days of index event and without bleeding or bleeding concerns: Discontinue ticagrelor and administer clopidogrel 600 mg PO loading dose 12 to 24 hours after the last ticagrelor dose, then clopidogrel 75 mg PO once daily.
-Within 30 days of index event and with bleeding or bleeding concerns: Discontinue ticagrelor and consider switching directly to clopidogrel maintenance dose of 75 mg PO once daily 12 to 24 hours after the last ticagrelor dose.
-More than 30 days from the index event and without bleeding or bleeding concerns: Discontinue ticagrelor and administer clopidogrel 600 mg PO loading dose 12 to 24 hours after the last ticagrelor dose, then clopidogrel 75 mg PO once daily.
-More than 30 days from index event and with bleeding or bleeding concerns: Discontinue ticagrelor and consider switching directly to clopidogrel maintenance dose of 75 mg PO once daily 12 to 24 hours after the last ticagrelor dose.
Switching from clopidogrel to another P2Y12 inhibitor:
-Bridging to intravenous cangrelor:
--Discontinue clopidogrel and initiate cangrelor 0.75 mcg/kg/minute (without a bolus dose) 2 to 3 days after the last administered clopidogrel dose. Consider platelet function testing to determine time to initiate cangrelor infusion.
-Switching to prasugrel:
--Within 30 days of the index event: Discontinue clopidogrel and administer prasugrel 60 mg PO loading dose irrespective of the timing of the last clopidogrel dose, then prasugrel 10 mg PO once daily starting 24 hours after the last clopidogrel dose.
-More than 30 days from the index event: Discontinue clopidogrel and administer prasugrel 10 mg PO once daily 24 hours after the last clopidogrel dose.
-Switching to ticagrelor:
--Within 30 days of the index event: Discontinue clopidogrel and administer ticagrelor 180 mg PO loading dose irrespective of the timing of the last clopidogrel dose, then ticagrelor 90 mg PO twice daily starting 24 hours after the last clopidogrel dose.
-More than 30 days of the index event: Discontinue clopidogrel and administer ticagrelor 90 mg PO twice daily 24 hours after the last clopidogrel dose.
For arterial thromboembolism prophylaxis (i.e., myocardial infarction prophylaxis, stroke prophylaxis, thrombosis prophylaxis), including in persons with acute myocardial infarction, STEMI, acute myocardial infarction, NSTEMI, or unstable angina:
-for myocardial infarction prophylaxis and stroke prophylaxis in persons with established peripheral arterial disease or coronary artery disease:
Oral dosage:
Adults: 75 mg PO once daily. Guidelines recommend long-term single antiplatelet therapy, including clopidogrel, for persons with established coronary artery disease.
-for stroke prophylaxis in persons with minor noncardioembolic stroke who did not receive IV alteplase:
Oral dosage:
Adults: 300 or 600 mg PO loading dose, followed by 75 mg PO once daily for a total of 90 days in combination with aspirin for the first 21 days. Guidelines suggest clopidogrel within 24 hours of symptom onset in persons presenting with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score of 3 or less.
-for myocardial infarction prophylaxis and stroke prophylaxis in persons with unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction, NSTEMI:
Oral dosage:
Adults: 300 mg PO loading dose, followed by 75 mg PO once daily in combination with aspirin. Initiating therapy without a loading dose will delay establishment of an antiplatelet effect by several days. Guidelines recommend clopidogrel for up to 12 months and aspirin indefinitely in persons with either early invasive or initial ischemia-guided strategy. In persons with an aspirin allergy, clopidogrel monotherapy can be used. Dual antiplatelet therapy for 12 months after CABG may be reasonable to improve graft vein patency.
-for myocardial infarction prophylaxis in persons with acute myocardial infarction, STEMI:
Oral dosage:
Adults 18 to 75 years: 300 mg PO loading dose, followed by 75 mg PO once daily in combination with aspirin. Initiating therapy without a loading dose will delay establishment of an antiplatelet effect by several days. Guidelines recommend persons who are managed with thrombolytics receive adjunctive antiplatelet therapy, including clopidogrel for 14 days to 12 months and aspirin indefinitely. Dual antiplatelet therapy for 12 months after CABG may be reasonable to improve graft vein patency.
Adults older than 75 years: 75 mg PO once daily in combination with aspirin. Guidelines recommend persons who are managed with thrombolytics receive adjunctive antiplatelet therapy, including clopidogrel for 14 days to 12 months and aspirin indefinitely. A loading dose is not recommended in persons older than 75 years. Dual antiplatelet therapy for 12 months after CABG may be reasonable to improve graft vein patency.
-for myocardial infarction prophylaxis in persons with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI):
Oral dosage:
Adults: 300 or 600 mg PO loading dose, followed by 75 mg PO once daily for at least 12 months in persons receiving a stent in combination with aspirin. Guidelines recommend 300 mg loading dose within 24 hours of fibrinolytic and 600 mg if more than 24 hours since fibrinolytic. Continuing clopidogrel for more than 12 months may be reasonable in persons who have not experienced a bleeding complication and are not a high bleeding risk. Earlier clopidogrel discontinuation after 6 months is reasonable if the bleeding risks outweigh the benefits. However, premature discontinuation of dual antiplatelet therapy is discouraged, including in the setting of elective procedures. Delay elective surgery for 6 months after DES and 1 month after bare metal stent placement. If the procedure cannot be delayed, continue aspirin if possible and restart clopidogrel as soon as possible.
-for myocardial infarction prophylaxis and stroke prophylaxis in persons with stable ischemic heart disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI):
Oral dosage:
Adults: 300 or 600 mg PO loading dose, followed by 75 mg PO once daily in persons receiving a stent in combination with aspirin. Guidelines recommend 300 mg loading dose within 24 hours of fibrinolytic and 600 mg if more than 24 hours since fibrinolytic. Treat for at least 6 months in persons receiving a drug-eluting stent (DES) and for at least 1 month in persons receiving a bare metal stent (BMS). If a person receiving a BMS is at increased risk of bleeding, treat for at least 2 weeks. Continuing clopidogrel for longer may be reasonable in persons who have not experienced a bleeding complication and are not a high bleeding risk. Earlier clopidogrel discontinuation is reasonable if the bleeding risks outweigh the benefits; in persons with a DES, discontinuation after 3 months may be reasonable. However, premature discontinuation of dual antiplatelet therapy is discouraged, including in the setting of elective procedures. Delay elective surgery for 6 months after DES and 1 month after bare metal stent placement. If the procedure cannot be delayed, continue aspirin if possible and restart clopidogrel as soon as possible.
-for arterial thromboembolism prophylaxis in persons with aortic stenosis undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI)*:
Oral dosage:
Adults: 75 mg PO once daily for 3 to 6 months.
-for pediatric arterial thromboembolism prophylaxis* (i.e., thrombosis prophylaxis* or stroke prophylaxis*, including in other cardiac conditions with a risk for arterial thrombosis (e.g., Kawasaki disease*):
Oral dosage:
Children and Adolescents 3 to 17 years: 1 mg/kg/day PO titrated to response (Max: 75 mg/day). In a cohort of 90 pediatric patients (11 days to 17.9 years, median 6.7 years), the median dose administered was 1.3 mg/kg/day PO. Some studies have reported lower doses of 0.2 to 0.3 mg/kg/day in children. In a prospective study in 14 children (0.7 to 84 months), 0.2 mg/kg/day resulted in effective platelet inhibition (40% to 50% inhibition of platelet aggregation) in 2 of the 3 children who were older than 2 years. In another study, dosing was initiated with 0.5 to 1 mg/kg/day with subsequent doses titrated down to 0.2 to 0.3 mg/kg/day. Higher doses (more than 2 to 6 mg/kg/day) have been reported and were tolerated in a few reported cases; however, the risk of bleeding may be higher with increasing doses. In children with recurrent arterial ischemic stroke or TIAs who fail or are intolerant of aspirin, clopidogrel is recommended as an alternative antiplatelet agent. In children with Kawasaki disease who have severe coronary involvement, clopidogrel is recommended in combination with aspirin.
Neonates, Infants, and Children 1 to 2 years: 0.2 mg/kg/day PO provides platelet inhibition concentrations similar to those achieved by the standard adult dose based on limited data. In the PICOLO study, which included 34 neonates (35 weeks or more gestational age and weight 2 kg or more) and 39 infants/children 30 days to 24 months, 0.2 mg/kg/day achieved the target ADP-induced platelet aggregation inhibition (30% to 50% inhibition of platelet aggregation) for both the maximum extent and the rate of platelet aggregation. Of the patients randomized, 73.3% had undergone placement of a systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt, 24.4% had an intracardiac or intravascular stent placed, 1.2% had Kawasaki disease, and the remainder had an arterial graft in place. The majority of patients were also taking aspirin 81 mg/day or less. In another prospective study in 14 children (0.7 to 84 months; 11 children 2 years or younger), 93% of patients achieved effective platelet inhibition (30% to 50% inhibition of platelet aggregation) with a dose of 0.2 mg/kg/day. In children with recurrent arterial ischemic stroke or TIAs who fail or are intolerant of aspirin, clopidogrel is recommended as an alternative antiplatelet agent. In children with Kawasaki disease who have severe coronary involvement, clopidogrel is recommended in combination with aspirin.
Maximum Dosage Limits:
-Adults
75 mg/day PO chronic treatment (up to 600 mg PO for single loading dose).
-Geriatric
75 mg/day PO chronic treatment (up to 600 mg PO for single loading dose).
-Adolescents
Safety and efficacy have not been established; doses up to 6 mg/kg/day (Max: 75 mg/day) PO have been used off-label.
-Children
3 to 12 years: Safety and efficacy have not been established; doses up to 6 mg/kg/day (Max: 75 mg/day) PO have been used off-label.
1 to 2 years: Safety and efficacy have not been established; however, doses of 0.2 mg/kg/day PO have been used off-label.
-Infants
Safety and efficacy have not been established; however, doses of 0.2 mg/kg/day PO have been used off-label.
-Neonates
Safety and efficacy have not been established; however, doses of 0.2 mg/kg/day PO have been used off-label.
Patients with Hepatic Impairment Dosing
Specific guidelines for dosage adjustments in hepatic impairment are not available; it appears that no dosage adjustments are needed.
Patients with Renal Impairment Dosing
Experience is limited in patients with severe and moderate renal impairment; specific guidelines for dosage adjustments in renal impairment are not available.
*non-FDA-approved indication
Abciximab: (Moderate) Concomitant use of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (i.e., abciximab, eptifibatide, or tirofiban) with an ADP receptor antagonist (i.e., clopidogrel, prasugrel, ticagrelor, or ticlopidine) may be associated with an increased risk of bleeding.
Abrocitinib: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use with clopidogrel is contraindicated during the first 3 months of abrocitinib therapy due to an increased risk of bleeding with thrombocytopenia.
Acetaminophen; Aspirin, ASA; Caffeine: (Moderate) Monitor for bleeding if aspirin and clopidogrel are used together as concomitant has an additive effect on platelet function.
Acetaminophen; Aspirin, ASA; Caffeine: (Moderate) Monitor for bleeding if aspirin and clopidogrel are used together as concomitant has an additive effect on platelet function.
Acetaminophen; Aspirin: (Moderate) Monitor for bleeding if aspirin and clopidogrel are used together as concomitant has an additive effect on platelet function.
Acetaminophen; Aspirin; Diphenhydramine: (Moderate) Monitor for bleeding if aspirin and clopidogrel are used together as concomitant has an additive effect on platelet function.
Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Dihydrocodeine: (Moderate) Coadministration of opioid agonists, such as dihydrocodeine, delay and reduce the absorption of clopidogrel resulting in reduced exposure to active metabolites and diminished inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consider the use of a parenteral antiplatelet agent in acute coronary syndrome patients requiring an opioid agonist. Coadministration of intravenous morphine decreased the Cmax and AUC of clopidogrel's active metabolites by 34%. Time required for maximal inhibition of platelet aggregation (median 3 hours vs. 1.25 hours) was significantly delayed; times up to 5 hours were reported. Inhibition of platelet plug formation was delayed and residual platelet aggregation was significantly greater 1 to 4 hours after morphine administration.
Acetaminophen; Codeine: (Moderate) Coadministration of opioid agonists, such as codeine, delay and reduce the absorption of clopidogrel resulting in reduced exposure to active metabolites and diminished inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consider the use of a parenteral antiplatelet agent in acute coronary syndrome patients requiring an opioid agonist. Coadministration of intravenous morphine decreased the Cmax and AUC of clopidogrel's active metabolites by 34%. Time required for maximal inhibition of platelet aggregation (median 3 hours vs. 1.25 hours) was significantly delayed; times up to 5 hours were reported. Inhibition of platelet plug formation was delayed and residual platelet aggregation was significantly greater 1 to 4 hours after morphine administration.
Acetaminophen; Hydrocodone: (Moderate) Coadministration of opioid agonists, such as hydrocodone, delay and reduce the absorption of clopidogrel resulting in reduced exposure to active metabolites and diminished inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consider the use of a parenteral antiplatelet agent in acute coronary syndrome patients requiring an opioid agonist. Coadministration of intravenous morphine decreased the Cmax and AUC of clopidogrel's active metabolites by 34%. Time required for maximal inhibition of platelet aggregation (median 3 hours vs. 1.25 hours) was significantly delayed; times up to 5 hours were reported. Inhibition of platelet plug formation was delayed and residual platelet aggregation was significantly greater 1 to 4 hours after morphine administration.
Acetaminophen; Ibuprofen: (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding during concomitant platelet inhibitor and chronic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of bleeding.
Acetaminophen; Oxycodone: (Moderate) Coadministration of opioid agonists, such as oxycodone, delay and reduce the absorption of clopidogrel resulting in reduced exposure to active metabolites and diminished inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consider the use of a parenteral antiplatelet agent in acute coronary syndrome patients requiring an opioid agonist. Coadministration of intravenous morphine decreased the Cmax and AUC of clopidogrel's active metabolites by 34%. Time required for maximal inhibition of platelet aggregation (median 3 hours vs. 1.25 hours) was significantly delayed; times up to 5 hours were reported. Inhibition of platelet plug formation was delayed and residual platelet aggregation was significantly greater 1 to 4 hours after morphine administration.
Ado-Trastuzumab emtansine: (Moderate) Use caution if coadministration of platelet inhibitors with ado-trastuzumab emtansine is necessary due to reports of severe and sometimes fatal hemorrhage, including intracranial bleeding, with ado-trastuzumab emtansine therapy. Consider additional monitoring when concomitant use is medically necessary. While some patients who experienced bleeding during ado-trastuzumab therapy were also receiving anticoagulation therapy, others had no known additional risk factors.
Alfentanil: (Moderate) Coadministration of opioid agonists, such as alfentanil, delay and reduce the absorption of clopidogrel resulting in reduced exposure to active metabolites and diminished inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consider the use of a parenteral antiplatelet agent in acute coronary syndrome patients requiring an opioid agonist. Coadministration of intravenous morphine decreased the Cmax and AUC of clopidogrel's active metabolites by 34%. Time required for maximal inhibition of platelet aggregation (median 3 hours vs. 1.25 hours) was significantly delayed; times up to 5 hours were reported. Inhibition of platelet plug formation was delayed and residual platelet aggregation was significantly greater 1 to 4 hours after morphine administration.
Alteplase: (Major) Concomitant administration of platelet inhibitors and thrombolytic agents could theoretically result in an increased risk of bleeding due to additive pharmacodynamic effects, and combinations of these agents should be approached with caution.
Aminolevulinic Acid: (Minor) Agents, such as platelet inhibitors, that decrease clotting could decrease the efficacy of photosensitizing agents used in photodynamic therapy.
Amlodipine: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced therapeutic response to clopidogrel when it is coadministered with amlodipine. Although clopidogrel is primarily converted to its active metabolite via CYP2C19, it has been suggested that calcium channel blocker (CCB)-induced inhibition of CYP3A4 reduces its conversion to the active metabolite, thereby reducing its antiplatelet effect. Because amlodipine has represented the largest subgroup of CCB studied, it is unknown whether this is a class effect. It has been theorized that CCBs that inhibit P-glycoprotein (P-gp) decrease the intestinal efflux of clopidogrel, thereby increasing its plasma concentrations and counteracting the effect of CCB-induced CYP3A4 inhibition. Amlodipine is not a P-gp inhibitor.
Amlodipine; Atorvastatin: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced therapeutic response to clopidogrel when it is coadministered with amlodipine. Although clopidogrel is primarily converted to its active metabolite via CYP2C19, it has been suggested that calcium channel blocker (CCB)-induced inhibition of CYP3A4 reduces its conversion to the active metabolite, thereby reducing its antiplatelet effect. Because amlodipine has represented the largest subgroup of CCB studied, it is unknown whether this is a class effect. It has been theorized that CCBs that inhibit P-glycoprotein (P-gp) decrease the intestinal efflux of clopidogrel, thereby increasing its plasma concentrations and counteracting the effect of CCB-induced CYP3A4 inhibition. Amlodipine is not a P-gp inhibitor.
Amlodipine; Benazepril: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced therapeutic response to clopidogrel when it is coadministered with amlodipine. Although clopidogrel is primarily converted to its active metabolite via CYP2C19, it has been suggested that calcium channel blocker (CCB)-induced inhibition of CYP3A4 reduces its conversion to the active metabolite, thereby reducing its antiplatelet effect. Because amlodipine has represented the largest subgroup of CCB studied, it is unknown whether this is a class effect. It has been theorized that CCBs that inhibit P-glycoprotein (P-gp) decrease the intestinal efflux of clopidogrel, thereby increasing its plasma concentrations and counteracting the effect of CCB-induced CYP3A4 inhibition. Amlodipine is not a P-gp inhibitor.
Amlodipine; Celecoxib: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced therapeutic response to clopidogrel when it is coadministered with amlodipine. Although clopidogrel is primarily converted to its active metabolite via CYP2C19, it has been suggested that calcium channel blocker (CCB)-induced inhibition of CYP3A4 reduces its conversion to the active metabolite, thereby reducing its antiplatelet effect. Because amlodipine has represented the largest subgroup of CCB studied, it is unknown whether this is a class effect. It has been theorized that CCBs that inhibit P-glycoprotein (P-gp) decrease the intestinal efflux of clopidogrel, thereby increasing its plasma concentrations and counteracting the effect of CCB-induced CYP3A4 inhibition. Amlodipine is not a P-gp inhibitor. (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding during concomitant platelet inhibitor and chronic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of bleeding.
Amlodipine; Olmesartan: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced therapeutic response to clopidogrel when it is coadministered with amlodipine. Although clopidogrel is primarily converted to its active metabolite via CYP2C19, it has been suggested that calcium channel blocker (CCB)-induced inhibition of CYP3A4 reduces its conversion to the active metabolite, thereby reducing its antiplatelet effect. Because amlodipine has represented the largest subgroup of CCB studied, it is unknown whether this is a class effect. It has been theorized that CCBs that inhibit P-glycoprotein (P-gp) decrease the intestinal efflux of clopidogrel, thereby increasing its plasma concentrations and counteracting the effect of CCB-induced CYP3A4 inhibition. Amlodipine is not a P-gp inhibitor.
Amlodipine; Valsartan: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced therapeutic response to clopidogrel when it is coadministered with amlodipine. Although clopidogrel is primarily converted to its active metabolite via CYP2C19, it has been suggested that calcium channel blocker (CCB)-induced inhibition of CYP3A4 reduces its conversion to the active metabolite, thereby reducing its antiplatelet effect. Because amlodipine has represented the largest subgroup of CCB studied, it is unknown whether this is a class effect. It has been theorized that CCBs that inhibit P-glycoprotein (P-gp) decrease the intestinal efflux of clopidogrel, thereby increasing its plasma concentrations and counteracting the effect of CCB-induced CYP3A4 inhibition. Amlodipine is not a P-gp inhibitor.
Amlodipine; Valsartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced therapeutic response to clopidogrel when it is coadministered with amlodipine. Although clopidogrel is primarily converted to its active metabolite via CYP2C19, it has been suggested that calcium channel blocker (CCB)-induced inhibition of CYP3A4 reduces its conversion to the active metabolite, thereby reducing its antiplatelet effect. Because amlodipine has represented the largest subgroup of CCB studied, it is unknown whether this is a class effect. It has been theorized that CCBs that inhibit P-glycoprotein (P-gp) decrease the intestinal efflux of clopidogrel, thereby increasing its plasma concentrations and counteracting the effect of CCB-induced CYP3A4 inhibition. Amlodipine is not a P-gp inhibitor.
Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin; Omeprazole: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of clopidogrel and omeprazole as it significantly reduces the antiplatelet activity of clopidogrel. If necessary, consider using an alternative proton pump inhibitor, such as rabeprazole, pantoprazole, lansoprazole, or dexlansoprazole. Clopidogrel requires hepatic biotransformation via 2 cytochrome dependent oxidative steps; the CYP2C19 isoenzyme is involved in both steps. Omeprazole is an inhibitor of CYP2C19. In clinical studies, use of omeprazole significantly reduced the antiplatelet activity of clopidogrel when administered concomitantly or 12 hours apart.
Anagrelide: (Moderate) Although anagrelide inhibits platelet aggregation at high doses, there is a potential additive risk for bleeding if anagrelide is given in combination with other agents that effect hemostasis such as ADP receptor antagonists including clopidogrel, prasugrel, ticagrelor, or ticlopidine.
Antithrombin III: (Moderate) Because clopidogrel inhibits platelet aggregation, a potential additive risk for bleeding exists if clopidogrel is given in combination with other agents that affect hemostasis such as anticoagulants.
Antithymocyte Globulin: (Moderate) An increased risk of bleeding may occur when platelet inhibitors are used with agents that cause clinically significant thrombocytopenia, such as antithymocyte globulin. Platelet inhibitors should be used cautiously in patients with thrombocytopenia following the administration of antithymocyte globulin or other drugs that cause significant thrombocytopenia due to the increased risk of bleeding.
Apalutamide: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of clopidogrel and apalutamide due to the increased risk of bleeding. Concomitant use may increase plasma concentrations of the active metabolite of clopidogrel and increase platelet inhibition. Clopidogrel is primarily metabolized to its active metabolite by CYP2C19 and apalutamide is a strong CYP2C19 inducer. Concomitant use with another strong CYP2C19 inducer increased the concentration of clopidogrel's active metabolite by 3.8x and increased 4-hour post-dose platelet inhibition by 34%.
Apixaban: (Major) The concomitant use of apixaban and platelet inhibitors (e.g, aspirin) may increase the risk of bleeding. In the ARISTOTLE trial (comparative trial of apixaban and warfarin in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation), concomitant use of aspirin increased the bleeding risk of apixaban from 1.8%/year to 3.4%/year. If given concomitantly, patients should be educated about the signs and symptoms of bleeding and be instructed to report them immediately or go to an emergency room.
Argatroban: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving platelet inhibitors (e.g., clopidogrel, platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, ticlopidine, etc.) in combination with argatroban.
Armodafinil: (Major) Armodafinil may reduce the antiplatelet activity of clopidogrel by inhibiting clopidogrel's metabolism to its active metabolite. Use clopidogrel and armodafinil together with caution and monitor for reduced efficacy of clopidogrel. Clopidogrel requires hepatic biotransformation via 2 cytochrome dependent oxidative steps; the CYP2C19 isoenzyme is involved in both steps. Armodafinil is an inhibitor of CYP2C19.
Arsenic Trioxide: (Moderate) Because clopidogrel inhibits platelet aggregation, a potential additive risk for bleeding exists if clopidogrel is given in combination with other drugs that affect hemostasis. Clopidogrel should be used cautiously in patients with thrombocytopenia following the administration of myelosuppressive antineoplastic agents or other drugs that cause significant thrombocytopenia due to the increased risk of bleeding.
Aspirin, ASA: (Moderate) Monitor for bleeding if aspirin and clopidogrel are used together as concomitant has an additive effect on platelet function.
Aspirin, ASA; Butalbital; Caffeine: (Moderate) Monitor for bleeding if aspirin and clopidogrel are used together as concomitant has an additive effect on platelet function.
Aspirin, ASA; Caffeine: (Moderate) Monitor for bleeding if aspirin and clopidogrel are used together as concomitant has an additive effect on platelet function.
Aspirin, ASA; Caffeine; Orphenadrine: (Moderate) Monitor for bleeding if aspirin and clopidogrel are used together as concomitant has an additive effect on platelet function.
Aspirin, ASA; Carisoprodol; Codeine: (Moderate) Coadministration of opioid agonists, such as codeine, delay and reduce the absorption of clopidogrel resulting in reduced exposure to active metabolites and diminished inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consider the use of a parenteral antiplatelet agent in acute coronary syndrome patients requiring an opioid agonist. Coadministration of intravenous morphine decreased the Cmax and AUC of clopidogrel's active metabolites by 34%. Time required for maximal inhibition of platelet aggregation (median 3 hours vs. 1.25 hours) was significantly delayed; times up to 5 hours were reported. Inhibition of platelet plug formation was delayed and residual platelet aggregation was significantly greater 1 to 4 hours after morphine administration. (Moderate) Monitor for bleeding if aspirin and clopidogrel are used together as concomitant has an additive effect on platelet function.
Aspirin, ASA; Citric Acid; Sodium Bicarbonate: (Moderate) Monitor for bleeding if aspirin and clopidogrel are used together as concomitant has an additive effect on platelet function.
Aspirin, ASA; Dipyridamole: (Moderate) Because dipyridamole is a platelet inhibitor, there is a potential additive risk for bleeding if dipyridamole is given in combination with other agents that affect hemostasis such as ADP receptor antagonists including clopidogrel, prasugrel, ticagrelor, or ticlopidine. (Moderate) Monitor for bleeding if aspirin and clopidogrel are used together as concomitant has an additive effect on platelet function.
Aspirin, ASA; Omeprazole: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of clopidogrel and omeprazole as it significantly reduces the antiplatelet activity of clopidogrel. If necessary, consider using an alternative proton pump inhibitor, such as rabeprazole, pantoprazole, lansoprazole, or dexlansoprazole. Clopidogrel requires hepatic biotransformation via 2 cytochrome dependent oxidative steps; the CYP2C19 isoenzyme is involved in both steps. Omeprazole is an inhibitor of CYP2C19. In clinical studies, use of omeprazole significantly reduced the antiplatelet activity of clopidogrel when administered concomitantly or 12 hours apart. (Moderate) Monitor for bleeding if aspirin and clopidogrel are used together as concomitant has an additive effect on platelet function.
Aspirin, ASA; Oxycodone: (Moderate) Coadministration of opioid agonists, such as oxycodone, delay and reduce the absorption of clopidogrel resulting in reduced exposure to active metabolites and diminished inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consider the use of a parenteral antiplatelet agent in acute coronary syndrome patients requiring an opioid agonist. Coadministration of intravenous morphine decreased the Cmax and AUC of clopidogrel's active metabolites by 34%. Time required for maximal inhibition of platelet aggregation (median 3 hours vs. 1.25 hours) was significantly delayed; times up to 5 hours were reported. Inhibition of platelet plug formation was delayed and residual platelet aggregation was significantly greater 1 to 4 hours after morphine administration. (Moderate) Monitor for bleeding if aspirin and clopidogrel are used together as concomitant has an additive effect on platelet function.
Atazanavir: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of clopidogrel and atazanavir (with or without ritonavir) due to the risk for decreased clopidogrel efficacy. Consider the use of an alternative antiplatelet agent such as prasugrel. Atazanavir decreases the concentration of clopidogrel's active metabolite.
Atazanavir; Cobicistat: (Major) Avoid coadministration of clopidogrel with cobicistat due to the potential for decreased clopidogrel efficacy. Prasugrel may be preferred to clopidogrel if coadministration with cobicistat is necessary. Although clopidogrel is primarily converted to its active metabolite via CYP2C19, it has been suggested that inhibition of CYP3A4 also reduces its conversion to the active metabolite, thereby reducing its antiplatelet effect. Cobicistat is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. (Major) Avoid concomitant use of clopidogrel and atazanavir (with or without ritonavir) due to the risk for decreased clopidogrel efficacy. Consider the use of an alternative antiplatelet agent such as prasugrel. Atazanavir decreases the concentration of clopidogrel's active metabolite.
Belladonna; Opium: (Moderate) Coadministration of opioid agonists delay and reduce the absorption of clopidogrel resulting in reduced exposure to active metabolites and diminished inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consider the use of a parenteral antiplatelet agent in acute coronary syndrome patients requiring an opioid agonist. Coadministration of intravenous morphine decreased the Cmax and AUC of clopidogrel's active metabolites by 34%. Time required for maximal inhibition of platelet aggregation (median 3 hours vs. 1.25 hours) was significantly delayed; times up to 5 hours were reported. Inhibition of platelet plug formation was delayed and residual platelet aggregation was significantly greater 1 to 4 hours after morphine administration. (Moderate) Coadministration of opioid agonists, such as opium, delay and reduce the absorption of clopidogrel resulting in reduced exposure to active metabolites and diminished inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consider the use of a parenteral antiplatelet agent in acute coronary syndrome patients requiring an opioid agonist. Coadministration of intravenous morphine decreased the Cmax and AUC of clopidogrel's active metabolites by 34%. Time required for maximal inhibition of platelet aggregation (median 3 hours vs. 1.25 hours) was significantly delayed; times up to 5 hours were reported. Inhibition of platelet plug formation was delayed and residual platelet aggregation was significantly greater 1 to 4 hours after morphine administration.
Benzhydrocodone; Acetaminophen: (Moderate) Coadministration of opioid agonists, such as benzhydrocodone, delay and reduce the absorption of clopidogrel resulting in reduced exposure to active metabolites and diminished inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consider the use of a parenteral antiplatelet agent in acute coronary syndrome patients requiring an opioid agonist. Coadministration of intravenous morphine decreased the Cmax and AUC of clopidogrel's active metabolites by 34%. Time required for maximal inhibition of platelet aggregation (median 3 hours vs. 1.25 hours) was significantly delayed; times up to 5 hours were reported. Inhibition of platelet plug formation was delayed and residual platelet aggregation was significantly greater 1 to 4 hours after morphine administration.
Berotralstat: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced clopidogrel efficacy during concomitant use of berotralstat. Clopidogrel is primarily metabolized to its active metabolite by CYP2C19; berotralstat is a CYP2C19 inhibitor.
Betrixaban: (Major) Monitor patients closely and promptly evaluate any signs or symptoms of bleeding if betrixaban and platelet inhibitors are used concomitantly. Coadministration of betrixaban and platelet inhibitors may increase the risk of bleeding.
Bexarotene: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may occur when platelet inhibitors are used with agents that cause clinically significant thrombocytopenia including bexarotene.
Bivalirudin: (Moderate) When used as an anticoagulant in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), bivalirudin is intended for use with aspirin (300 to 325 mg/day PO) and has been studied only in patients receiving concomitant aspirin. Generally, an additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving other platelet inhibitors (other than aspirin). In clinical trials in patients undergoing PTCA, patients receiving bivalirudin with heparin, warfarin, or thrombolytics had increased risks of major bleeding events compared to those receiving bivalirudin alone. According to the manufacturer, the safety and effectiveness of bivalirudin have not been established when used in conjunction with platelet inhibitors other than aspirin. However, bivalirudin has been safely used as an alternative to heparin in combination with provisional use of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors during angioplasty (REPLACE-2). In addition, two major clinical trials have evaluated the use of bivalirudin in patients receiving streptokinase following acute myocardial infarction (HERO-1, HERO-2). Based on the these trials, bivalirudin may be considered an alternative to heparin therapy for use in combination with streptokinase for ST-elevation MI. Bivalirudin has not been sufficiently studied in combination with other more specific thrombolytics.
Bupivacaine; Meloxicam: (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding during concomitant platelet inhibitor and chronic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of bleeding.
Bupropion: (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in bupropion-related adverse reactions during coadministration of clopidogrel as concurrent use may increase bupropion exposure. A bupropion dose adjustment may be necessary. Bupropion is a sensitive substrate of CYP2B6; clopidogrel is a weak CYP2B6 inhibitor.
Bupropion; Naltrexone: (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in bupropion-related adverse reactions during coadministration of clopidogrel as concurrent use may increase bupropion exposure. A bupropion dose adjustment may be necessary. Bupropion is a sensitive substrate of CYP2B6; clopidogrel is a weak CYP2B6 inhibitor.
Butalbital; Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Codeine: (Moderate) Coadministration of opioid agonists, such as codeine, delay and reduce the absorption of clopidogrel resulting in reduced exposure to active metabolites and diminished inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consider the use of a parenteral antiplatelet agent in acute coronary syndrome patients requiring an opioid agonist. Coadministration of intravenous morphine decreased the Cmax and AUC of clopidogrel's active metabolites by 34%. Time required for maximal inhibition of platelet aggregation (median 3 hours vs. 1.25 hours) was significantly delayed; times up to 5 hours were reported. Inhibition of platelet plug formation was delayed and residual platelet aggregation was significantly greater 1 to 4 hours after morphine administration.
Butalbital; Aspirin; Caffeine; Codeine: (Moderate) Coadministration of opioid agonists, such as codeine, delay and reduce the absorption of clopidogrel resulting in reduced exposure to active metabolites and diminished inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consider the use of a parenteral antiplatelet agent in acute coronary syndrome patients requiring an opioid agonist. Coadministration of intravenous morphine decreased the Cmax and AUC of clopidogrel's active metabolites by 34%. Time required for maximal inhibition of platelet aggregation (median 3 hours vs. 1.25 hours) was significantly delayed; times up to 5 hours were reported. Inhibition of platelet plug formation was delayed and residual platelet aggregation was significantly greater 1 to 4 hours after morphine administration. (Moderate) Monitor for bleeding if aspirin and clopidogrel are used together as concomitant has an additive effect on platelet function.
Cangrelor: (Major) Do not administer clopidogrel until the cangrelor infusion is discontinued. The expected antiplatelet effect of a 600 mg loading dose of clopidogrel will be blocked if administered during the cangrelor infusion. Clopidogrel therapy should be initiated immediately after cangrelor discontinuation.
Caplacizumab: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of caplacizumab and platelet inhibitors when possible. Assess and monitor closely for bleeding if use together is necessary. Interrupt use of caplacizumab if clinically significant bleeding occurs.
Celecoxib: (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding during concomitant platelet inhibitor and chronic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of bleeding.
Celecoxib; Tramadol: (Moderate) Coadministration of opioid agonists, such as tramadol, delay and reduce the absorption of clopidogrel resulting in reduced exposure to active metabolites and diminished inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consider the use of a parenteral antiplatelet agent in acute coronary syndrome patients requiring an opioid agonist. Coadministration of intravenous morphine decreased the Cmax and AUC of clopidogrel's active metabolites by 34%. Time required for maximal inhibition of platelet aggregation (median 3 hours vs. 1.25 hours) was significantly delayed; times up to 5 hours were reported. Inhibition of platelet plug formation was delayed and residual platelet aggregation was significantly greater 1 to 4 hours after morphine administration. (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding during concomitant platelet inhibitor and chronic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of bleeding.
Chlorambucil: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may occur when platelet inhibitors are used with agents that cause clinically significant thrombocytopenia including antineoplastic agents, such as chlorambucil.
Chloramphenicol: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced clopidogrel efficacy during concomitant use of chloramphenicol. Clopidogrel is primarily metabolized to its active metabolite by CYP2C19; chloramphenicol is a CYP2C19 inhibitor.
Chlorpheniramine; Codeine: (Moderate) Coadministration of opioid agonists, such as codeine, delay and reduce the absorption of clopidogrel resulting in reduced exposure to active metabolites and diminished inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consider the use of a parenteral antiplatelet agent in acute coronary syndrome patients requiring an opioid agonist. Coadministration of intravenous morphine decreased the Cmax and AUC of clopidogrel's active metabolites by 34%. Time required for maximal inhibition of platelet aggregation (median 3 hours vs. 1.25 hours) was significantly delayed; times up to 5 hours were reported. Inhibition of platelet plug formation was delayed and residual platelet aggregation was significantly greater 1 to 4 hours after morphine administration.
Chlorpheniramine; Hydrocodone: (Moderate) Coadministration of opioid agonists, such as hydrocodone, delay and reduce the absorption of clopidogrel resulting in reduced exposure to active metabolites and diminished inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consider the use of a parenteral antiplatelet agent in acute coronary syndrome patients requiring an opioid agonist. Coadministration of intravenous morphine decreased the Cmax and AUC of clopidogrel's active metabolites by 34%. Time required for maximal inhibition of platelet aggregation (median 3 hours vs. 1.25 hours) was significantly delayed; times up to 5 hours were reported. Inhibition of platelet plug formation was delayed and residual platelet aggregation was significantly greater 1 to 4 hours after morphine administration.
Chlorpheniramine; Ibuprofen; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding during concomitant platelet inhibitor and chronic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of bleeding.
Cilostazol: (Moderate) Carefully monitor patients for signs and symptoms of bleeding during coadministration of cilostazol and clopidogrel. Both agents are platelet inhibitors; therefore, concomitant use may increase the risk of bleeding. Platelet aggregation returns to normal within 96 hours of discontinuing cilostazol.
Cimetidine: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced clopidogrel efficacy during concomitant use of cimetidine. Clopidogrel is primarily metabolized to its active metabolite by CYP2C19; cimetidine is a CYP2C19 inhibitor.
Citalopram: (Moderate) Carefully monitor patients for signs and symptoms of bleeding during coadministration of citalopram and clopidogrel. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) affect platelet activation; therefore, concomitant use may increase the risk of bleeding.
Cladribine: (Moderate) Due to the thrombocytopenic effects of purine analogs, an additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving concomitant platelet inhibitors.
Clofarabine: (Moderate) Due to the thrombocytopenic effects of antineoplastics an additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving concomitant platelet inhibitors.
Cobicistat: (Major) Avoid coadministration of clopidogrel with cobicistat due to the potential for decreased clopidogrel efficacy. Prasugrel may be preferred to clopidogrel if coadministration with cobicistat is necessary. Although clopidogrel is primarily converted to its active metabolite via CYP2C19, it has been suggested that inhibition of CYP3A4 also reduces its conversion to the active metabolite, thereby reducing its antiplatelet effect. Cobicistat is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Codeine: (Moderate) Coadministration of opioid agonists, such as codeine, delay and reduce the absorption of clopidogrel resulting in reduced exposure to active metabolites and diminished inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consider the use of a parenteral antiplatelet agent in acute coronary syndrome patients requiring an opioid agonist. Coadministration of intravenous morphine decreased the Cmax and AUC of clopidogrel's active metabolites by 34%. Time required for maximal inhibition of platelet aggregation (median 3 hours vs. 1.25 hours) was significantly delayed; times up to 5 hours were reported. Inhibition of platelet plug formation was delayed and residual platelet aggregation was significantly greater 1 to 4 hours after morphine administration.
Codeine; Guaifenesin: (Moderate) Coadministration of opioid agonists, such as codeine, delay and reduce the absorption of clopidogrel resulting in reduced exposure to active metabolites and diminished inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consider the use of a parenteral antiplatelet agent in acute coronary syndrome patients requiring an opioid agonist. Coadministration of intravenous morphine decreased the Cmax and AUC of clopidogrel's active metabolites by 34%. Time required for maximal inhibition of platelet aggregation (median 3 hours vs. 1.25 hours) was significantly delayed; times up to 5 hours were reported. Inhibition of platelet plug formation was delayed and residual platelet aggregation was significantly greater 1 to 4 hours after morphine administration.
Codeine; Guaifenesin; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Coadministration of opioid agonists, such as codeine, delay and reduce the absorption of clopidogrel resulting in reduced exposure to active metabolites and diminished inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consider the use of a parenteral antiplatelet agent in acute coronary syndrome patients requiring an opioid agonist. Coadministration of intravenous morphine decreased the Cmax and AUC of clopidogrel's active metabolites by 34%. Time required for maximal inhibition of platelet aggregation (median 3 hours vs. 1.25 hours) was significantly delayed; times up to 5 hours were reported. Inhibition of platelet plug formation was delayed and residual platelet aggregation was significantly greater 1 to 4 hours after morphine administration.
Codeine; Phenylephrine; Promethazine: (Moderate) Coadministration of opioid agonists, such as codeine, delay and reduce the absorption of clopidogrel resulting in reduced exposure to active metabolites and diminished inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consider the use of a parenteral antiplatelet agent in acute coronary syndrome patients requiring an opioid agonist. Coadministration of intravenous morphine decreased the Cmax and AUC of clopidogrel's active metabolites by 34%. Time required for maximal inhibition of platelet aggregation (median 3 hours vs. 1.25 hours) was significantly delayed; times up to 5 hours were reported. Inhibition of platelet plug formation was delayed and residual platelet aggregation was significantly greater 1 to 4 hours after morphine administration.
Codeine; Promethazine: (Moderate) Coadministration of opioid agonists, such as codeine, delay and reduce the absorption of clopidogrel resulting in reduced exposure to active metabolites and diminished inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consider the use of a parenteral antiplatelet agent in acute coronary syndrome patients requiring an opioid agonist. Coadministration of intravenous morphine decreased the Cmax and AUC of clopidogrel's active metabolites by 34%. Time required for maximal inhibition of platelet aggregation (median 3 hours vs. 1.25 hours) was significantly delayed; times up to 5 hours were reported. Inhibition of platelet plug formation was delayed and residual platelet aggregation was significantly greater 1 to 4 hours after morphine administration.
Collagenase: (Moderate) Cautious use of injectable collagenase by patients taking platelet inhibitors is advised. The efficacy and safety of administering injectable collagenase to a patient taking a platelet inhibitor within 7 days before the injection are unknown. Receipt of injectable collagenase may cause an ecchymosis or bleeding at the injection site.
Dabigatran: (Moderate) Coadministration of dabigatran and clopidogrel (300 mg or 600 mg loading dose) resulted in an increase in dabigatran AUC and Cmax of 30% and 40%, respectively; however capillary bleeding times were not further prolonged compared to clopidogrel monotherapy. In addition, coagulation measures for dabigatran's effect (aPTT, ECT, and TT) were unchanged, and inhibition of platelet aggregation (IPA), a measure of clopidogrel's effect, was unchanged. However, the manufacturer notes that the concomitant use of dabitatran and platelet inhibiting agents may increase the risk of bleeding. Monitor patients closely for signs of bleeding if dabigatran is given concomitantly with any platelet inhibiting agents.
Dalteparin: (Moderate) Because clopidogrel inhibits platelet aggregation, a potential additive risk for bleeding exists if clopidogrel is given in combination with other agents that affect hemostasis such as anticoagulants.
Daprodustat: (Major) Reduce the initial daprodustat dose by half during concomitant use of clopidogrel unless the daprodustat dose is already 1 mg. Monitor hemoglobin and further adjust the daprodustat dose as appropriate. Concomitant use may increase daprodustat exposure and the risk for daprodustat-related adverse reactions. Daprodustat is a CYP2C8 substrate and clopidogrel is a moderate CYP2C8 inhibitor. Concomitant use with a moderate CYP2C8 inhibitor is expected to increase daprodustat overall exposure by approximately 4-fold.
Darunavir: (Major) Avoid coadministration of clopidogrel with darunavir. Concomitant use may reduce concentrations of the active metabolite of clopidogrel, therefore decreasing the antiplatelet activity of clopidogrel.
Darunavir; Cobicistat: (Major) Avoid coadministration of clopidogrel with cobicistat due to the potential for decreased clopidogrel efficacy. Prasugrel may be preferred to clopidogrel if coadministration with cobicistat is necessary. Although clopidogrel is primarily converted to its active metabolite via CYP2C19, it has been suggested that inhibition of CYP3A4 also reduces its conversion to the active metabolite, thereby reducing its antiplatelet effect. Cobicistat is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. (Major) Avoid coadministration of clopidogrel with darunavir. Concomitant use may reduce concentrations of the active metabolite of clopidogrel, therefore decreasing the antiplatelet activity of clopidogrel.
Darunavir; Cobicistat; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir alafenamide: (Major) Avoid coadministration of clopidogrel with cobicistat due to the potential for decreased clopidogrel efficacy. Prasugrel may be preferred to clopidogrel if coadministration with cobicistat is necessary. Although clopidogrel is primarily converted to its active metabolite via CYP2C19, it has been suggested that inhibition of CYP3A4 also reduces its conversion to the active metabolite, thereby reducing its antiplatelet effect. Cobicistat is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. (Major) Avoid coadministration of clopidogrel with darunavir. Concomitant use may reduce concentrations of the active metabolite of clopidogrel, therefore decreasing the antiplatelet activity of clopidogrel.
Dasatinib: (Moderate) Monitor for evidence of bleeding if coadministration of dasatinib and clopidogrel is necessary. Dasatinib can cause serious and fatal bleeding. Concomitant platelet inhibitors may increase the risk of hemorrhage.
Defibrotide: (Contraindicated) Coadministration of defibrotide with antithrombotic agents like platelet inhibitors is contraindicated. The pharmacodynamic activity and risk of hemorrhage with antithrombotic agents are increased if coadministered with defibrotide. If therapy with defibrotide is necessary, discontinue antithrombotic agents prior to initiation of defibrotide therapy. Consider delaying the onset of defibrotide treatment until the effects of the antithrombotic agent have abated.
Deoxycholic Acid: (Moderate) Use deoxycholic acid with caution in patients receiving platelet inhibitors. Excessive bruising or bleeding may occur in and around the treatment area.
Desvenlafaxine: (Moderate) Carefully monitor patients for signs and symptoms of bleeding during coadministration of desvenlafaxine and clopidogrel. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) affect platelet activation; therefore, concomitant use may increase the risk of bleeding.
Dextromethorphan; Bupropion: (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in bupropion-related adverse reactions during coadministration of clopidogrel as concurrent use may increase bupropion exposure. A bupropion dose adjustment may be necessary. Bupropion is a sensitive substrate of CYP2B6; clopidogrel is a weak CYP2B6 inhibitor.
Diclofenac: (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding during concomitant platelet inhibitor and chronic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of bleeding.
Diclofenac; Misoprostol: (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding during concomitant platelet inhibitor and chronic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of bleeding.
Diflunisal: (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding during concomitant platelet inhibitor and chronic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of bleeding.
Diphenhydramine; Ibuprofen: (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding during concomitant platelet inhibitor and chronic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of bleeding.
Diphenhydramine; Naproxen: (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding during concomitant platelet inhibitor and chronic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of bleeding.
Dipyridamole: (Moderate) Because dipyridamole is a platelet inhibitor, there is a potential additive risk for bleeding if dipyridamole is given in combination with other agents that affect hemostasis such as ADP receptor antagonists including clopidogrel, prasugrel, ticagrelor, or ticlopidine.
Doxercalciferol: (Moderate) Doxercalciferol is converted in the liver to 1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol, the major active metabolite, and 1-alpha, 24-dihydroxyvitamin D2, a minor metabolite. Although not specifically studied, cytochrome P450 enzyme inhibitors including clopidogrel may inhibit the 25-hydroxylation of doxercalciferol, thereby decreasing the formation of the active metabolite and thus, decreasing efficacy. Patients should be monitored for a decrease in efficacy if clopidogrel is coadministered with doxercalciferol.
Duloxetine: (Moderate) Carefully monitor patients for signs and symptoms of bleeding during coadministration of duloxetine and clopidogrel. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) affect platelet activation; therefore, concomitant use may increase the risk of bleeding.
Edoxaban: (Major) Coadministration of edoxaban and platelet inhibitors should be avoided due to an increased risk of bleeding during concurrent use. Occasionally, short-term coadministration may be necessary in patients transitioning to and from edoxaban. Long-term coadminstration is not recommended. Promptly evaluate any signs or symptoms of blood loss in patients on concomitant therapy.
Elvitegravir; Cobicistat; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Alafenamide: (Major) Avoid coadministration of clopidogrel with cobicistat due to the potential for decreased clopidogrel efficacy. Prasugrel may be preferred to clopidogrel if coadministration with cobicistat is necessary. Although clopidogrel is primarily converted to its active metabolite via CYP2C19, it has been suggested that inhibition of CYP3A4 also reduces its conversion to the active metabolite, thereby reducing its antiplatelet effect. Cobicistat is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Elvitegravir; Cobicistat; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Major) Avoid coadministration of clopidogrel with cobicistat due to the potential for decreased clopidogrel efficacy. Prasugrel may be preferred to clopidogrel if coadministration with cobicistat is necessary. Although clopidogrel is primarily converted to its active metabolite via CYP2C19, it has been suggested that inhibition of CYP3A4 also reduces its conversion to the active metabolite, thereby reducing its antiplatelet effect. Cobicistat is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Enasidenib: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced clopidogrel efficacy during concomitant use of enasidenib. Clopidogrel is primarily metabolized to its active metabolite by CYP2C19; enasidenib is a CYP2C19 inhibitor.
Enoxaparin: (Moderate) Because clopidogrel inhibits platelet aggregation, a potential additive risk for bleeding exists if clopidogrel is given in combination with other agents that affect hemostasis such as anticoagulants.
Eptifibatide: (Moderate) Concomitant use of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (i.e., abciximab, eptifibatide, or tirofiban) with an ADP receptor antagonist (i.e., clopidogrel, prasugrel, ticagrelor, or ticlopidine) may be associated with an increased risk of bleeding.
Escitalopram: (Moderate) Carefully monitor patients for signs and symptoms of bleeding during coadministration of escitalopram and clopidogrel. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) affect platelet activation; therefore, concomitant use may increase the risk of bleeding.
Eslicarbazepine: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced clopidogrel efficacy during concomitant use of eslicarbazepine. Clopidogrel is primarily metabolized to its active metabolite by CYP2C19; eslicarbazepine is a CYP2C19 inhibitor.
Esomeprazole: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of clopidogrel and esomeprazole as it significantly reduces the antiplatelet activity of clopidogrel. If necessary, consider using an alternative proton pump inhibitor such as rabeprazole, pantoprazole, lansoprazole, or dexlansoprazole. Clopidogrel requires hepatic biotransformation via 2 cytochrome dependent oxidative steps; the CYP2C19 isoenzyme is involved in both steps. Esomeprazole is an inhibitor of CYP2C19. In clinical studies, use of esomeprazole significantly reduced the antiplatelet activity of clopidogrel.
Etodolac: (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding during concomitant platelet inhibitor and chronic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of bleeding.
Etrasimod: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of etrasimod and clopidogrel in CYP2C9 poor metabolizers due to the risk for increased etrasimod exposure which may increase the risk for adverse effects. Etrasimod is a CYP2C9 and CYP2C8 substrate and clopidogrel is a moderate CYP2C8 inhibitor.
Etravirine: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced clopidogrel efficacy during concomitant use of etravirine. Clopidogrel is primarily metabolized to its active metabolite by CYP2C19; etravirine is a CYP2C19 inhibitor.
Fedratinib: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced clopidogrel efficacy during concomitant use of fedratinib. Clopidogrel is primarily metabolized to its active metabolite by CYP2C19; fedratinib is a moderate CYP2C19 inhibitor.
Felbamate: (Major) Felbamate may reduce the antiplatelet activity of clopidogrel by inhibiting clopidogrel's metabolism to its active metabolite. Use clopidogrel and felbamate together with caution and monitor for reduced efficacy of clopidogrel. Clopidogrel requires hepatic biotransformation via 2 cytochrome dependent oxidative steps; the CYP2C19 isoenzyme is involved in both steps. Felbamate is a potent inhibitor of CYP2C19.
Fenofibric Acid: (Minor) At therapeutic concentrations, fenofibric acid is a weak inhibitor of CYP2C19. Concomitant use of fenofibric acid with CYP2C19 substrates, such as clopidogrel, has not been formally studied. Fenofibric acid may theoretically increase plasma concentrations of CYP2C19 substrates and could lead to toxicity for drugs that have a narrow therapeutic range. Monitor the therapeutic effect of clopidogrel during coadministration with fenofibric acid.
Fenoprofen: (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding during concomitant platelet inhibitor and chronic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of bleeding.
Fentanyl: (Moderate) Coadministration of opioid agonists, such as fentanyl, delay and reduce the absorption of clopidogrel resulting in reduced exposure to active metabolites and diminished inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consider the use of a parenteral antiplatelet agent in acute coronary syndrome patients requiring an opioid agonist. Coadministration of intravenous morphine decreased the Cmax and AUC of clopidogrel's active metabolites by 34%. Time required for maximal inhibition of platelet aggregation (median 3 hours vs. 1.25 hours) was significantly delayed; times up to 5 hours were reported. Inhibition of platelet plug formation was delayed and residual platelet aggregation was significantly greater 1 to 4 hours after morphine administration.
Fexinidazole: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced clopidogrel efficacy during concomitant use of fexinidazole. Clopidogrel is primarily metabolized to its active metabolite by CYP2C19; fexinidazole is a CYP2C19 inhibitor.
Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids (Dietary Supplements): (Moderate) Because fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids inhibit platelet aggregation, caution is advised when fish oils are used concurrently with other platelet inhibitors. Theoretically, the risk of bleeding may be increased.
Fluconazole: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced clopidogrel efficacy during concomitant use of fluconazole. Clopidogrel is primarily metabolized to its active metabolite by CYP2C19; fluconazole is a potent CYP2C19 inhibitor.
Fludarabine: (Moderate) Due to the thrombocytopenic effects of purine analogs, an additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving concomitant platelet inhibitors.
Fluoxetine: (Moderate) Monitor for bleeding and reduced clopidogrel efficacy during concomitant use of fluoxetine. Since selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) affect platelet activation, the concomitant administration of SSRIs with clopidogrel may increase the risk of bleeding. Clopidogrel is primarily metabolized to its active metabolite by CYP2C19; fluoxetine is a CYP2C19 inhibitor.
Flurbiprofen: (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding during concomitant platelet inhibitor and chronic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of bleeding.
Fluvoxamine: (Major) Consider an alternative antidepressant to fluvoxamine if possible in patients receiving clopidogrel. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients for reduced clopidogrel effectiveness and signs and symptoms of bleeding. Fluvoxamine may reduce the antiplatelet activity of clopidogrel through potent inhibition of the CYP2C19 metabolism of clopidogrel to its active metabolite. Additionally, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) affect platelet activation; therefore, concomitant use may increase the risk of bleeding.
Fondaparinux: (Moderate) Because clopidogrel inhibits platelet aggregation, a potential additive risk for bleeding exists if clopidogrel is given in combination with other agents that affect hemostasis such as anticoagulants.
Garlic, Allium sativum: (Moderate) Use together with caution. Garlic produces clinically significant antiplatelet effects, and a risk for bleeding may occur if platelet inhibitors are given in combination with garlic.
Ginger, Zingiber officinale: (Moderate) Ginger inhibits thromboxane synthetase, a platelet aggregation inducer, and is a prostacyclin agonist so additive bleeding may occur if platelet inhibitors are given in combination with ginger, zingiber officinale.
Ginkgo, Ginkgo biloba: (Moderate) Monitor for signs or symptoms of bleeding with coadministration of ginkgo biloba and platelet inhibitors as an increased bleeding risk may occur. Although data are mixed, ginkgo biloba is reported to inhibit platelet aggregation and several case reports describe bleeding complications with ginkgo biloba, with or without concomitant drug therapy.
Green Tea: (Moderate) Green tea has demonstrated antiplatelet and fibrinolytic actions in animals. It is possible that the use of green tea may increase the risk of bleeding if co administered with aspirin. Caution and careful monitoring of clinical and/or laboratory parameters are warranted with this combination.
Heparin: (Moderate) Because clopidogrel inhibits platelet aggregation, a potential additive risk for bleeding exists if clopidogrel is given in combination with other agents that affect hemostasis such as anticoagulants. In healthy volunteers receiving heparin, clopidogrel does not alter the effect of heparin on coagulation parameters or require adjustment of the heparin dose. In addition, heparin has no effect on inhibition of platelet aggregation induced by clopidogrel. Nevertheless, the safety of this combination has not been established and concomitant administration of clopidogrel with heparin should be undertaken with caution.
Homatropine; Hydrocodone: (Moderate) Coadministration of opioid agonists, such as hydrocodone, delay and reduce the absorption of clopidogrel resulting in reduced exposure to active metabolites and diminished inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consider the use of a parenteral antiplatelet agent in acute coronary syndrome patients requiring an opioid agonist. Coadministration of intravenous morphine decreased the Cmax and AUC of clopidogrel's active metabolites by 34%. Time required for maximal inhibition of platelet aggregation (median 3 hours vs. 1.25 hours) was significantly delayed; times up to 5 hours were reported. Inhibition of platelet plug formation was delayed and residual platelet aggregation was significantly greater 1 to 4 hours after morphine administration.
Hydrocodone: (Moderate) Coadministration of opioid agonists, such as hydrocodone, delay and reduce the absorption of clopidogrel resulting in reduced exposure to active metabolites and diminished inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consider the use of a parenteral antiplatelet agent in acute coronary syndrome patients requiring an opioid agonist. Coadministration of intravenous morphine decreased the Cmax and AUC of clopidogrel's active metabolites by 34%. Time required for maximal inhibition of platelet aggregation (median 3 hours vs. 1.25 hours) was significantly delayed; times up to 5 hours were reported. Inhibition of platelet plug formation was delayed and residual platelet aggregation was significantly greater 1 to 4 hours after morphine administration.
Hydrocodone; Ibuprofen: (Moderate) Coadministration of opioid agonists, such as hydrocodone, delay and reduce the absorption of clopidogrel resulting in reduced exposure to active metabolites and diminished inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consider the use of a parenteral antiplatelet agent in acute coronary syndrome patients requiring an opioid agonist. Coadministration of intravenous morphine decreased the Cmax and AUC of clopidogrel's active metabolites by 34%. Time required for maximal inhibition of platelet aggregation (median 3 hours vs. 1.25 hours) was significantly delayed; times up to 5 hours were reported. Inhibition of platelet plug formation was delayed and residual platelet aggregation was significantly greater 1 to 4 hours after morphine administration. (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding during concomitant platelet inhibitor and chronic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of bleeding.
Hydromorphone: (Moderate) Coadministration of opioid agonists, such as hydromorphone, delay and reduce the absorption of clopidogrel resulting in reduced exposure to active metabolites and diminished inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consider the use of a parenteral antiplatelet agent in acute coronary syndrome patients requiring an opioid agonist. Coadministration of intravenous morphine decreased the Cmax and AUC of clopidogrel's active metabolites by 34%. Time required for maximal inhibition of platelet aggregation (median 3 hours vs. 1.25 hours) was significantly delayed; times up to 5 hours were reported. Inhibition of platelet plug formation was delayed and residual platelet aggregation was significantly greater 1 to 4 hours after morphine administration.
Ibritumomab Tiuxetan: (Major) During and after therapy, avoid the concomitant use of Yttrium (Y)-90 ibrutumomab tiuxetan with drugs that interfere with platelet function such as platelet inhibitors; the risk of bleeding may be increased. If coadministration with platelet inhibitors is necessary, monitor platelet counts more frequently for evidence of thrombocytopenia.
Ibrutinib: (Moderate) The concomitant use of ibrutinib and antiplatelet agents such as clopidogrel may increase the risk of bleeding; monitor patients for signs of bleeding. Severe bleeding events have occurred with ibrutinib therapy including intracranial hemorrhage, GI bleeding, hematuria, and post procedural hemorrhage; some events were fatal. The mechanism for bleeding with ibrutinib therapy is not well understood.
Ibuprofen: (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding during concomitant platelet inhibitor and chronic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of bleeding.
Ibuprofen; Famotidine: (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding during concomitant platelet inhibitor and chronic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of bleeding.
Ibuprofen; Oxycodone: (Moderate) Coadministration of opioid agonists, such as oxycodone, delay and reduce the absorption of clopidogrel resulting in reduced exposure to active metabolites and diminished inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consider the use of a parenteral antiplatelet agent in acute coronary syndrome patients requiring an opioid agonist. Coadministration of intravenous morphine decreased the Cmax and AUC of clopidogrel's active metabolites by 34%. Time required for maximal inhibition of platelet aggregation (median 3 hours vs. 1.25 hours) was significantly delayed; times up to 5 hours were reported. Inhibition of platelet plug formation was delayed and residual platelet aggregation was significantly greater 1 to 4 hours after morphine administration. (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding during concomitant platelet inhibitor and chronic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of bleeding.
Ibuprofen; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding during concomitant platelet inhibitor and chronic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of bleeding.
Icosapent ethyl: (Moderate) Icosapent ethyl is an ethyl ester of the omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Because omega-3 fatty acids inhibit platelet aggregation, caution is advised when icosapent ethyl is used concurrently with anticoagulants, platelet inhibitors, or thrombolytic agents. Theoretically, the risk of bleeding may be increased, but some studies that combined these agents did not produce clinically significant bleeding events. In one placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blinded, parallel study, patients receiving stable, chronic warfarin therapy were administered various doses of fish oil supplements to determine the effect on INR determinations. Patients were randomized to receive a 4-week treatment period of either placebo or 3 or 6 grams of fish oil daily. Patients were followed on a twice-weekly basis for INR determinations and adverse reactions. There was no statistically significant difference in INRs between the placebo or treatment period within each group. There was also no difference in INRs found between groups. One episode of ecchymosis was reported, but no major bleeding episodes occurred. The authors concluded that fish oil supplementation in doses of 36 grams per day does not have a statistically significant effect on the INR of patients receiving chronic warfarin therapy. However, an increase in INR from 2.8 to 4.3 in a patient stable on warfarin therapy has been reported when increasing the dose of fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids from 1 gram/day to 2 grams/day. The INR decreased once the patient decreased her dose of fish oil to 1 gram/day. This implies that a dose-related effect of fish oil on warfarin may be possible. Patients receiving warfarin that initiate concomitant icosapent ethyl therapy should have their INR monitored more closely and the dose of warfarin adjusted accordingly.
Iloprost: (Moderate) When used concurrently with platelet inhibitors, inhaled iloprost may increase the risk of bleeding.
Indomethacin: (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding during concomitant platelet inhibitor and chronic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of bleeding.
Inotersen: (Moderate) Use caution with concomitant use of inotersen and ADP receptor antagonists due to the potential risk of bleeding from thrombocytopenia. Consider discontinuation of ADP receptor antagonists in a patient taking inotersen with a platelet count of less than 50,000 per microliter.
Intravenous Lipid Emulsions: (Moderate) Because fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids inhibit platelet aggregation, caution is advised when fish oils are used concurrently with other platelet inhibitors. Theoretically, the risk of bleeding may be increased.
Isoniazid, INH: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced clopidogrel efficacy during concomitant use of isoniazid. Clopidogrel is primarily metabolized to its active metabolite by CYP2C19; isoniazid is a CYP2C19 inhibitor.
Isoniazid, INH; Pyrazinamide, PZA; Rifampin: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of clopidogrel and rifampin due to the risk of bleeding. Concomitant use results in increased plasma concentrations of clopidogrel's active metabolite and an increase in platelet inhibition. Clopidogrel is primarily metabolized to its active metabolite by CYP2C19; rifampin is a strong CYP2C19 inducer. (Moderate) Monitor for reduced clopidogrel efficacy during concomitant use of isoniazid. Clopidogrel is primarily metabolized to its active metabolite by CYP2C19; isoniazid is a CYP2C19 inhibitor.
Isoniazid, INH; Rifampin: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of clopidogrel and rifampin due to the risk of bleeding. Concomitant use results in increased plasma concentrations of clopidogrel's active metabolite and an increase in platelet inhibition. Clopidogrel is primarily metabolized to its active metabolite by CYP2C19; rifampin is a strong CYP2C19 inducer. (Moderate) Monitor for reduced clopidogrel efficacy during concomitant use of isoniazid. Clopidogrel is primarily metabolized to its active metabolite by CYP2C19; isoniazid is a CYP2C19 inhibitor.
Ketoconazole: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced clopidogrel efficacy during concomitant use of ketoconazole. In a drug interaction study, ketoconazole decreased the active metabolite of clopidogrel.
Ketoprofen: (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding during concomitant platelet inhibitor and chronic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of bleeding.
Ketorolac: (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding during concomitant platelet inhibitor and chronic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of bleeding.
Levamlodipine: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced therapeutic response to clopidogrel when it is coadministered with amlodipine. Although clopidogrel is primarily converted to its active metabolite via CYP2C19, it has been suggested that calcium channel blocker (CCB)-induced inhibition of CYP3A4 reduces its conversion to the active metabolite, thereby reducing its antiplatelet effect. Because amlodipine has represented the largest subgroup of CCB studied, it is unknown whether this is a class effect. It has been theorized that CCBs that inhibit P-glycoprotein (P-gp) decrease the intestinal efflux of clopidogrel, thereby increasing its plasma concentrations and counteracting the effect of CCB-induced CYP3A4 inhibition. Amlodipine is not a P-gp inhibitor.
Levoketoconazole: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced clopidogrel efficacy during concomitant use of ketoconazole. In a drug interaction study, ketoconazole decreased the active metabolite of clopidogrel.
Levomilnacipran: (Moderate) Carefully monitor patients for signs and symptoms of bleeding during coadministration of levomilnacipran and platelet inhibitors. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) affect platelet activation; therefore, concomitant use may increase the risk of bleeding.
Levorphanol: (Moderate) Coadministration of opioid agonists, such as levorphanol, delay and reduce the absorption of clopidogrel resulting in reduced exposure to active metabolites and diminished inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consider the use of a parenteral antiplatelet agent in acute coronary syndrome patients requiring an opioid agonist. Coadministration of intravenous morphine decreased the Cmax and AUC of clopidogrel's active metabolites by 34%. Time required for maximal inhibition of platelet aggregation (median 3 hours vs. 1.25 hours) was significantly delayed; times up to 5 hours were reported. Inhibition of platelet plug formation was delayed and residual platelet aggregation was significantly greater 1 to 4 hours after morphine administration.
Lomustine, CCNU: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may occur when platelet inhibitors are used with agents that cause clinically significant thrombocytopenia including antineoplastic agents, such as lomustine.
Lopinavir; Ritonavir: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of clopidogrel and ritonavir due to the risk for decreased clopidogrel efficacy. Consider the use of an alternative antiplatelet agent such as prasugrel. Ritonavir has been observed to decrease the concentration of clopidogrel's active metabolite by 69% and significantly reduce clopidogrel's antiplatelet activity as measured by the VerifyNow P2Y12 assay. Clopidogrel may be converted to its active metabolite partially via CYP3A; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A inhibitor.
Luliconazole: (Minor) Monitor for reduced clopidogrel efficacy during concomitant use of luliconazole. Clopidogrel is primarily metabolized to its active metabolite by CYP2C19. In vitro, luliconazole is a CYP2C19 inhibitor and small systemic concentrations may be noted with topical application, particularly when applied to patients with moderate to severe tinea cruris. However, no in vivo drug interaction trials have been conducted to evaluate the effect of luliconazole on drugs that are substrates of CYP2C19.
Meclofenamate Sodium: (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding during concomitant platelet inhibitor and chronic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of bleeding.
Mefenamic Acid: (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding during concomitant platelet inhibitor and chronic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of bleeding.
Meloxicam: (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding during concomitant platelet inhibitor and chronic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of bleeding.
Meperidine: (Moderate) Coadministration of opioid agonists, such as meperidine, delay and reduce the absorption of clopidogrel resulting in reduced exposure to active metabolites and diminished inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consider the use of a parenteral antiplatelet agent in acute coronary syndrome patients requiring an opioid agonist. Coadministration of intravenous morphine decreased the Cmax and AUC of clopidogrel's active metabolites by 34%. Time required for maximal inhibition of platelet aggregation (median 3 hours vs. 1.25 hours) was significantly delayed; times up to 5 hours were reported. Inhibition of platelet plug formation was delayed and residual platelet aggregation was significantly greater 1 to 4 hours after morphine administration.
Mercaptopurine, 6-MP: (Moderate) Due to the thrombocytopenic effects of purine analogs, an additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving concomitant platelet inhibitors.
Metformin; Repaglinide: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of clopidogrel and repaglinide. If coadministration cannot be avoided, initiate repaglinide at 0.5 mg PO before each meal, and do not exceed a total daily dose of 4 mg. Increased glucose monitoring may be required. Concomitant administration of clopidogrel and repaglinide increased the systemic exposure of repaglinide 5.1-fold after a clopidogrel 300 mg loading dose and 3.9-fold on day 3 of clopidogrel 75 mg/day. Repaglinide is a CYP2C8 substrate and clopidogrel is a moderate CYP2C8 inhibitor.
Methadone: (Moderate) Coadministration of opioid agonists, such as methadone, delay and reduce the absorption of clopidogrel resulting in reduced exposure to active metabolites and diminished inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consider the use of a parenteral antiplatelet agent in acute coronary syndrome patients requiring an opioid agonist. Coadministration of intravenous morphine decreased the Cmax and AUC of clopidogrel's active metabolites by 34%. Time required for maximal inhibition of platelet aggregation (median 3 hours vs. 1.25 hours) was significantly delayed; times up to 5 hours were reported. Inhibition of platelet plug formation was delayed and residual platelet aggregation was significantly greater 1 to 4 hours after morphine administration.
Methoxsalen: (Minor) Agents that affect platelet function, such as platelet inhibitors, could decrease the efficacy of methoxsalen when used during photodynamic therapy.
Methylsulfonylmethane, MSM: (Moderate) Increased effects from concomitant anticoagulant drugs including increased bruising or blood in the stool have been reported in patients taking methylsulfonylmethane, MSM. Although these effects have not been confirmed in published medical literature or during clinical studies, clinicians should consider using methylsulfonylmethane, MSM with caution in patients who are taking anticoagulants or antiplatelets including clopidogrel until data confirming the safety of these drug combinations are available. During one of the available, published clinical trials in patients with osteoarthritis, those patients with bleeding disorders or using anticoagulants or antiplatelets were excluded from enrollment. Patients who choose to consume methylsulfonylmethane, MSM while receiving clopidogrel should be observed for increased bleeding.
Milnacipran: (Moderate) Carefully monitor patients for signs and symptoms of bleeding during coadministration of milnacipran and platelet inhibitors. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) affect platelet activation; therefore, concomitant use may increase the risk of bleeding.
Modafinil: (Major) Modafinil may reduce the antiplatelet activity of clopidogrel by inhibiting clopidogrel's metabolism to its active metabolite. Use clopidogrel and modafinil together with caution and monitor for reduced efficacy of clopidogrel. Clopidogrel requires hepatic biotransformation via 2 cytochrome dependent oxidative steps; the CYP2C19 isoenzyme is involved in both steps. Modafinil is an inhibitor of CYP2C19.
Morphine: (Moderate) Coadministration of opioid agonists delay and reduce the absorption of clopidogrel resulting in reduced exposure to active metabolites and diminished inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consider the use of a parenteral antiplatelet agent in acute coronary syndrome patients requiring an opioid agonist. Coadministration of intravenous morphine decreased the Cmax and AUC of clopidogrel's active metabolites by 34%. Time required for maximal inhibition of platelet aggregation (median 3 hours vs. 1.25 hours) was significantly delayed; times up to 5 hours were reported. Inhibition of platelet plug formation was delayed and residual platelet aggregation was significantly greater 1 to 4 hours after morphine administration.
Morphine; Naltrexone: (Moderate) Coadministration of opioid agonists delay and reduce the absorption of clopidogrel resulting in reduced exposure to active metabolites and diminished inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consider the use of a parenteral antiplatelet agent in acute coronary syndrome patients requiring an opioid agonist. Coadministration of intravenous morphine decreased the Cmax and AUC of clopidogrel's active metabolites by 34%. Time required for maximal inhibition of platelet aggregation (median 3 hours vs. 1.25 hours) was significantly delayed; times up to 5 hours were reported. Inhibition of platelet plug formation was delayed and residual platelet aggregation was significantly greater 1 to 4 hours after morphine administration.
Mycophenolate: (Moderate) Platelet Inhibitors inhibit platelet aggregation and should be used cautiously in patients with thrombocytopenia, as mycophenolate can also cause thrombocytopenia.
Nabumetone: (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding during concomitant platelet inhibitor and chronic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of bleeding.
Nanoparticle Albumin-Bound Paclitaxel: (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in paclitaxel-related adverse reactions if coadministration of nab-paclitaxel with clopidogrel is necessary due to the risk of increased plasma concentrations of paclitaxel. Nab-paclitaxel is a CYP2C8 substrate and clopidogrel is a moderate CYP2C8 inhibitor. In vitro, the metabolism of paclitaxel to 6-alpha-hydroxypaclitaxel was inhibited by another inhibitor of CYP2C8.
Naproxen: (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding during concomitant platelet inhibitor and chronic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of bleeding.
Naproxen; Esomeprazole: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of clopidogrel and esomeprazole as it significantly reduces the antiplatelet activity of clopidogrel. If necessary, consider using an alternative proton pump inhibitor such as rabeprazole, pantoprazole, lansoprazole, or dexlansoprazole. Clopidogrel requires hepatic biotransformation via 2 cytochrome dependent oxidative steps; the CYP2C19 isoenzyme is involved in both steps. Esomeprazole is an inhibitor of CYP2C19. In clinical studies, use of esomeprazole significantly reduced the antiplatelet activity of clopidogrel. (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding during concomitant platelet inhibitor and chronic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of bleeding.
Naproxen; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding during concomitant platelet inhibitor and chronic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of bleeding.
Nelarabine: (Moderate) Due to the thrombocytopenic effects of nelarabine, an additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving concomitant platelet inhibitors.
Nicardipine: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced clopidogrel efficacy during concomitant use of nicardipine. Clopidogrel is primarily metabolized to its active metabolite by CYP2C19; nicardipine is a CYP2C19 inhibitor.
Nirmatrelvir; Ritonavir: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of clopidogrel and ritonavir due to the risk for decreased clopidogrel efficacy. Consider the use of an alternative antiplatelet agent such as prasugrel. Ritonavir has been observed to decrease the concentration of clopidogrel's active metabolite by 69% and significantly reduce clopidogrel's antiplatelet activity as measured by the VerifyNow P2Y12 assay. Clopidogrel may be converted to its active metabolite partially via CYP3A; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A inhibitor. (Major) Avoid concomitant use of ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir and clopidogrel and consider an alternative COVID-19 therapy. Coadministration may reduce clopidogrel exposure and increase the risk of developing a clot. It may be acceptable to continue clopidogrel if the benefit of ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir treatment outweighs the risk of reduced clopidogrel effectiveness. For patients at very high risk of thrombosis (e.g., those who received a coronary stent within the past 6 weeks), consider prescribing an alternative antiplatelet agent or an alternative COVID-19 therapy.
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding during concomitant platelet inhibitor and chronic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of bleeding.
Obinutuzumab: (Moderate) Fatal hemorrhagic events have been reported in patients treated with obinutuzumab; all events occured during cycle 1. Monitor all patients for thrombocytopenia and bleeding, and consider withholding concomitant medications which may increase bleeding risk (i.e., anticoagulants, platelet inhibitors), especially during the first cycle.
Olanzapine; Fluoxetine: (Moderate) Monitor for bleeding and reduced clopidogrel efficacy during concomitant use of fluoxetine. Since selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) affect platelet activation, the concomitant administration of SSRIs with clopidogrel may increase the risk of bleeding. Clopidogrel is primarily metabolized to its active metabolite by CYP2C19; fluoxetine is a CYP2C19 inhibitor.
Olmesartan; Amlodipine; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced therapeutic response to clopidogrel when it is coadministered with amlodipine. Although clopidogrel is primarily converted to its active metabolite via CYP2C19, it has been suggested that calcium channel blocker (CCB)-induced inhibition of CYP3A4 reduces its conversion to the active metabolite, thereby reducing its antiplatelet effect. Because amlodipine has represented the largest subgroup of CCB studied, it is unknown whether this is a class effect. It has been theorized that CCBs that inhibit P-glycoprotein (P-gp) decrease the intestinal efflux of clopidogrel, thereby increasing its plasma concentrations and counteracting the effect of CCB-induced CYP3A4 inhibition. Amlodipine is not a P-gp inhibitor.
Omeprazole: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of clopidogrel and omeprazole as it significantly reduces the antiplatelet activity of clopidogrel. If necessary, consider using an alternative proton pump inhibitor, such as rabeprazole, pantoprazole, lansoprazole, or dexlansoprazole. Clopidogrel requires hepatic biotransformation via 2 cytochrome dependent oxidative steps; the CYP2C19 isoenzyme is involved in both steps. Omeprazole is an inhibitor of CYP2C19. In clinical studies, use of omeprazole significantly reduced the antiplatelet activity of clopidogrel when administered concomitantly or 12 hours apart.
Omeprazole; Amoxicillin; Rifabutin: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of clopidogrel and omeprazole as it significantly reduces the antiplatelet activity of clopidogrel. If necessary, consider using an alternative proton pump inhibitor, such as rabeprazole, pantoprazole, lansoprazole, or dexlansoprazole. Clopidogrel requires hepatic biotransformation via 2 cytochrome dependent oxidative steps; the CYP2C19 isoenzyme is involved in both steps. Omeprazole is an inhibitor of CYP2C19. In clinical studies, use of omeprazole significantly reduced the antiplatelet activity of clopidogrel when administered concomitantly or 12 hours apart.
Omeprazole; Sodium Bicarbonate: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of clopidogrel and omeprazole as it significantly reduces the antiplatelet activity of clopidogrel. If necessary, consider using an alternative proton pump inhibitor, such as rabeprazole, pantoprazole, lansoprazole, or dexlansoprazole. Clopidogrel requires hepatic biotransformation via 2 cytochrome dependent oxidative steps; the CYP2C19 isoenzyme is involved in both steps. Omeprazole is an inhibitor of CYP2C19. In clinical studies, use of omeprazole significantly reduced the antiplatelet activity of clopidogrel when administered concomitantly or 12 hours apart.
Oritavancin: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced clopidogrel efficacy during concomitant use of oritavancin. Clopidogrel is primarily metabolized to its active metabolite by CYP2C19; oritavancin is a weak CYP2C19 inhibitor.
Oxaprozin: (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding during concomitant platelet inhibitor and chronic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of bleeding.
Oxcarbazepine: (Major) Oxcarbazepine may reduce the antiplatelet activity of clopidogrel by inhibiting clopidogrel's metabolism to its active metabolite. Use oxcarbazepine and clopidogrel together with caution and monitor for reduced efficacy of clopidogrel. Clopidogrel requires hepatic biotransformation via 2 cytochrome dependent oxidative steps; the CYP2C19 isoenzyme is involved in both steps. Oxcarbazepine is an inhibitor of CYP2C19.
Oxycodone: (Moderate) Coadministration of opioid agonists, such as oxycodone, delay and reduce the absorption of clopidogrel resulting in reduced exposure to active metabolites and diminished inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consider the use of a parenteral antiplatelet agent in acute coronary syndrome patients requiring an opioid agonist. Coadministration of intravenous morphine decreased the Cmax and AUC of clopidogrel's active metabolites by 34%. Time required for maximal inhibition of platelet aggregation (median 3 hours vs. 1.25 hours) was significantly delayed; times up to 5 hours were reported. Inhibition of platelet plug formation was delayed and residual platelet aggregation was significantly greater 1 to 4 hours after morphine administration.
Oxymorphone: (Moderate) Coadministration of opioid agonists, such as oxymorphone, delay and reduce the absorption of clopidogrel resulting in reduced exposure to active metabolites and diminished inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consider the use of a parenteral antiplatelet agent in acute coronary syndrome patients requiring an opioid agonist. Coadministration of intravenous morphine decreased the Cmax and AUC of clopidogrel's active metabolites by 34%. Time required for maximal inhibition of platelet aggregation (median 3 hours vs. 1.25 hours) was significantly delayed; times up to 5 hours were reported. Inhibition of platelet plug formation was delayed and residual platelet aggregation was significantly greater 1 to 4 hours after morphine administration.
Paclitaxel: (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in paclitaxel-related adverse reactions if coadministration of paclitaxel with clopidogrel is necessary due to the risk of increased plasma concentrations of paclitaxel. Paclitaxel is a CYP2C8 substrate and clopidogrel is a moderate CYP2C8 inhibitor. In vitro, the metabolism of paclitaxel to 6-alpha-hydroxypaclitaxel was inhibited by another inhibitor of CYP2C8.
Paroxetine: (Moderate) Carefully monitor patients for signs and symptoms of bleeding during coadministration of paroxetine and clopidogrel. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) affect platelet activation; therefore, concomitant use may increase the risk of bleeding.
Pentosan: (Moderate) Because clopidogrel inhibits platelet aggregation, a potential additive risk for bleeding exists if clopidogrel is given in combination with other agents that affect hemostasis such as anticoagulants.
Pentostatin: (Moderate) Due to the thrombocytopenic effects of purine analogs, an additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving concomitant platelet inhibitors.
Pentoxifylline: (Moderate) A potential additive risk for bleeding exists if platelet inhibitors are given in combination with other agents that affect hemostasis such as pentoxifylline.
Perindopril; Amlodipine: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced therapeutic response to clopidogrel when it is coadministered with amlodipine. Although clopidogrel is primarily converted to its active metabolite via CYP2C19, it has been suggested that calcium channel blocker (CCB)-induced inhibition of CYP3A4 reduces its conversion to the active metabolite, thereby reducing its antiplatelet effect. Because amlodipine has represented the largest subgroup of CCB studied, it is unknown whether this is a class effect. It has been theorized that CCBs that inhibit P-glycoprotein (P-gp) decrease the intestinal efflux of clopidogrel, thereby increasing its plasma concentrations and counteracting the effect of CCB-induced CYP3A4 inhibition. Amlodipine is not a P-gp inhibitor.
Photosensitizing agents (topical): (Minor) Agents, such as platelet inhibitors, that decrease clotting could decrease the efficacy of photosensitizing agents used in photodynamic therapy.
Piroxicam: (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding during concomitant platelet inhibitor and chronic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of bleeding.
Pirtobrutinib: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced clopidogrel efficacy during concomitant use of pirtobrutinib. Clopidogrel is primarily metabolized to its active metabolite by CYP2C19; pirtobrutinib is a CYP2C19 inhibitor.
Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors: (Moderate) Concomitant use of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (i.e., abciximab, eptifibatide, or tirofiban) with an ADP receptor antagonist (i.e., clopidogrel, prasugrel, ticagrelor, or ticlopidine) may be associated with an increased risk of bleeding.
Prasterone, Dehydroepiandrosterone, DHEA (Dietary Supplements): (Moderate) Prasterone is contraindicated for use in patients with active deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism or history of these conditions. Prasterone is also contraindicated in patients with active arterial thromboembolic disease (for example, stroke and myocardial infarction), or a history of these conditions. Thus, patients receiving anticoagulation due to a history of these conditions are not candidates for prasterone treatment. DHEA is converted to androgens and estrogens within the human body and thus may affect hemostasis via androgenic or estrogenic effects. Estrogens increase the production of clotting factors VII, VIII, IX, and X. Androgens, such as testosterone, increase the synthesis of several anticoagulant and fibrinolytic proteins. Because of the potential effects on coagulation, patients receiving prasterone or DHEA concurrently with preventative anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin or heparin) or other platelet inhibitors, including aspirin, ASA should be monitored for side effects or the need for dosage adjustments.
Prasterone, Dehydroepiandrosterone, DHEA (FDA-approved): (Moderate) Prasterone is contraindicated for use in patients with active deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism or history of these conditions. Prasterone is also contraindicated in patients with active arterial thromboembolic disease (for example, stroke and myocardial infarction), or a history of these conditions. Thus, patients receiving anticoagulation due to a history of these conditions are not candidates for prasterone treatment. DHEA is converted to androgens and estrogens within the human body and thus may affect hemostasis via androgenic or estrogenic effects. Estrogens increase the production of clotting factors VII, VIII, IX, and X. Androgens, such as testosterone, increase the synthesis of several anticoagulant and fibrinolytic proteins. Because of the potential effects on coagulation, patients receiving prasterone or DHEA concurrently with preventative anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin or heparin) or other platelet inhibitors, including aspirin, ASA should be monitored for side effects or the need for dosage adjustments.
Prasugrel: (Moderate) Because clopidogrel and prasugrel inhibit platelet aggregation, a potential additive risk for bleeding exists if the drugs are given in combination. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding and to promptly report any bleeding events.
Purine analogs: (Moderate) Due to the thrombocytopenic effects of purine analogs, an additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving concomitant platelet inhibitors.
Remifentanil: (Moderate) Coadministration of opioid agonists, such as remifentanil, delay and reduce the absorption of clopidogrel resulting in reduced exposure to active metabolites and diminished inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consider the use of a parenteral antiplatelet agent in acute coronary syndrome patients requiring an opioid agonist. Coadministration of intravenous morphine decreased the Cmax and AUC of clopidogrel's active metabolites by 34%. Time required for maximal inhibition of platelet aggregation (median 3 hours vs. 1.25 hours) was significantly delayed; times up to 5 hours were reported. Inhibition of platelet plug formation was delayed and residual platelet aggregation was significantly greater 1 to 4 hours after morphine administration.
Repaglinide: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of clopidogrel and repaglinide. If coadministration cannot be avoided, initiate repaglinide at 0.5 mg PO before each meal, and do not exceed a total daily dose of 4 mg. Increased glucose monitoring may be required. Concomitant administration of clopidogrel and repaglinide increased the systemic exposure of repaglinide 5.1-fold after a clopidogrel 300 mg loading dose and 3.9-fold on day 3 of clopidogrel 75 mg/day. Repaglinide is a CYP2C8 substrate and clopidogrel is a moderate CYP2C8 inhibitor.
Resmetirom: (Major) A resmetirom dosage reduction is required if concomitant use with clopidogrel is necessary. For patients with an actual body weight less than 100 kg, reduce the resmetirom dosage to 60 mg once daily. For patients with an actual body weight of 100 kg or more, reduce the resmetirom dosage to 80 mg once daily. Concomitant use may increase resmetirom exposure and the risk for resmetirom-related adverse effects. Resmetirom is a CYP2C8 substrate and clopidogrel is a moderate CYP2C8 inhibitor. Concomitant use increased resmetirom overall exposure by 1.7-fold.
Reteplase, r-PA: (Major) Concomitant administration of platelet inhibitors and thrombolytic agents could theoretically result in an increased risk of bleeding due to additive pharmacodynamic effects, and combinations of these agents should be approached with caution.
Rifampin: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of clopidogrel and rifampin due to the risk of bleeding. Concomitant use results in increased plasma concentrations of clopidogrel's active metabolite and an increase in platelet inhibition. Clopidogrel is primarily metabolized to its active metabolite by CYP2C19; rifampin is a strong CYP2C19 inducer.
Ritonavir: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of clopidogrel and ritonavir due to the risk for decreased clopidogrel efficacy. Consider the use of an alternative antiplatelet agent such as prasugrel. Ritonavir has been observed to decrease the concentration of clopidogrel's active metabolite by 69% and significantly reduce clopidogrel's antiplatelet activity as measured by the VerifyNow P2Y12 assay. Clopidogrel may be converted to its active metabolite partially via CYP3A; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A inhibitor.
Rivaroxaban: (Major) Avoid concurrent administration of platelet inhibitors such as clopidogrel with rivaroxaban unless the benefit outweighs the risk of increased bleeding. An increase in bleeding time to 45 minutes was observed in 2 drug interaction studies where clopidogrel (300 mg loading dose followed by 75 mg daily maintenance dose) and rivaroxaban (15 mg single dose) were coadministered in healthy subjects. In the first study, the increase in bleeding time to 45 minutes was observed in approximately 45% of patients. Approximately 30% of patients in the second study had the event. The change in bleeding time was approximately twice the maximum increase seen with either drug alone. No change in the pharmacokinetic parameters of either drug were noted.
Rosiglitazone: (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in rosiglitazone-related adverse effects during concomitant use with clopidogrel; adjust the dose of rosiglitazone based on clinical response. Coadministration may increase the exposure of rosiglitazone. Rosiglitazone is a CYP2C8 substrate and clopidogrel is a CYP2C8 inhibitor.
Rosuvastatin: (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in rosuvastatin-related adverse reactions, including myopathy and rhabdomyolysis, during concomitant use with clopidogrel. Concurrent use has been observed to increase rosuvastatin overall exposure by 1.4-fold and 2-fold in patients receiving 75 mg and 300 mg of clopidogrel, respectively.
Rosuvastatin; Ezetimibe: (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in rosuvastatin-related adverse reactions, including myopathy and rhabdomyolysis, during concomitant use with clopidogrel. Concurrent use has been observed to increase rosuvastatin overall exposure by 1.4-fold and 2-fold in patients receiving 75 mg and 300 mg of clopidogrel, respectively.
Rucaparib: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of clopidogrel if coadministration with rucaparib is necessary. Clopidogrel is a prodrug that is metabolized to its active metabolite by CYP2C19. Rucaparib is a weak CYP2C19 inhibitor. Concomitant use may reduce concentrations of the active metabolite, therefore decreasing the antiplatelet activity of clopidogrel.
Selexipag: (Major) Reduce the selexipag dose to once daily if coadministered with clopidogrel. Concomitant use may increase selexipag exposure and the risk of adverse effects. Selexipag is a CYP2C8 substrate and clopidogrel is a moderate CYP2C8 inhibitor. Coadministration has been observed to increase exposure to the active selexipag metabolite by approximately 2.7-fold.
Selumetinib: (Moderate) Closely monitor for bleeding if coadministration of selumetinib and platelet inhibitors is necessary as concurrent use may increase the bleeding risk; adjust the platelet inhibitor dose as appropriate. Selumetinib contains vitamin E which can inhibit platelet aggregation.
Sertraline: (Moderate) Carefully monitor patients for signs and symptoms of bleeding during coadministration of sertraline and clopidogrel. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) affect platelet activation; therefore, concomitant use may increase the risk of bleeding.
Stiripentol: (Moderate) Consider a dose adjustment of clopidogrel when coadministered with stiripentol. Coadministration may result in reduced plasma concentrations of the active metabolite of clopidogrel and a reduction in platelet inhibition. Clopidogrel is metabolized to its active metabolite mainly by CYP2C19. In vitro data suggest stiripentol inhibits CYP2C19.
Sufentanil: (Moderate) Coadministration of opioid agonists, such as sufentanil, delay and reduce the absorption of clopidogrel resulting in reduced exposure to active metabolites and diminished inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consider the use of a parenteral antiplatelet agent in acute coronary syndrome patients requiring an opioid agonist. Coadministration of intravenous morphine decreased the Cmax and AUC of clopidogrel's active metabolites by 34%. Time required for maximal inhibition of platelet aggregation (median 3 hours vs. 1.25 hours) was significantly delayed; times up to 5 hours were reported. Inhibition of platelet plug formation was delayed and residual platelet aggregation was significantly greater 1 to 4 hours after morphine administration.
Sulindac: (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding during concomitant platelet inhibitor and chronic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of bleeding.
Sumatriptan; Naproxen: (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding during concomitant platelet inhibitor and chronic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of bleeding.
Tapentadol: (Moderate) Coadministration of opioid agonists, such as tapentadol, delay and reduce the absorption of clopidogrel resulting in reduced exposure to active metabolites and diminished inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consider the use of a parenteral antiplatelet agent in acute coronary syndrome patients requiring an opioid agonist. Coadministration of intravenous morphine decreased the Cmax and AUC of clopidogrel's active metabolites by 34%. Time required for maximal inhibition of platelet aggregation (median 3 hours vs. 1.25 hours) was significantly delayed; times up to 5 hours were reported. Inhibition of platelet plug formation was delayed and residual platelet aggregation was significantly greater 1 to 4 hours after morphine administration.
Telmisartan: (Major) Telmisartan may reduce the antiplatelet activity of clopidogrel by inhibiting clopidogrel's metabolism to its active metabolite. Use clopidogrel and telmisartan together with caution and monitor for reduced efficacy of clopidogrel. Clopidogrel requires hepatic biotransformation via 2 cytochrome dependent oxidative steps; the CYP2C19 isoenzyme is involved in both steps. Telmisartan is an inhibitor of CYP2C19.
Telmisartan; Amlodipine: (Major) Telmisartan may reduce the antiplatelet activity of clopidogrel by inhibiting clopidogrel's metabolism to its active metabolite. Use clopidogrel and telmisartan together with caution and monitor for reduced efficacy of clopidogrel. Clopidogrel requires hepatic biotransformation via 2 cytochrome dependent oxidative steps; the CYP2C19 isoenzyme is involved in both steps. Telmisartan is an inhibitor of CYP2C19. (Moderate) Monitor for reduced therapeutic response to clopidogrel when it is coadministered with amlodipine. Although clopidogrel is primarily converted to its active metabolite via CYP2C19, it has been suggested that calcium channel blocker (CCB)-induced inhibition of CYP3A4 reduces its conversion to the active metabolite, thereby reducing its antiplatelet effect. Because amlodipine has represented the largest subgroup of CCB studied, it is unknown whether this is a class effect. It has been theorized that CCBs that inhibit P-glycoprotein (P-gp) decrease the intestinal efflux of clopidogrel, thereby increasing its plasma concentrations and counteracting the effect of CCB-induced CYP3A4 inhibition. Amlodipine is not a P-gp inhibitor.
Telmisartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Major) Telmisartan may reduce the antiplatelet activity of clopidogrel by inhibiting clopidogrel's metabolism to its active metabolite. Use clopidogrel and telmisartan together with caution and monitor for reduced efficacy of clopidogrel. Clopidogrel requires hepatic biotransformation via 2 cytochrome dependent oxidative steps; the CYP2C19 isoenzyme is involved in both steps. Telmisartan is an inhibitor of CYP2C19.
Tenecteplase: (Major) Concomitant administration of platelet inhibitors and thrombolytic agents could theoretically result in an increased risk of bleeding due to additive pharmacodynamic effects, and combinations of these agents should be approached with caution.
Thioguanine, 6-TG: (Moderate) Due to the thrombocytopenic effects of purine analogs, an additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving concomitant platelet inhibitors.
Thrombolytic Agents: (Major) Concomitant administration of platelet inhibitors and thrombolytic agents could theoretically result in an increased risk of bleeding due to additive pharmacodynamic effects, and combinations of these agents should be approached with caution.
Ticagrelor: (Moderate) Because clopidogrel and ticagrelor inhibit platelet aggregation, a potential additive risk for bleeding exists if the drugs are given in combination. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding and to promptly report any bleeding events.
Tirofiban: (Moderate) Concomitant use of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (i.e., abciximab, eptifibatide, or tirofiban) with an ADP receptor antagonist (i.e., clopidogrel, prasugrel, ticagrelor, or ticlopidine) may be associated with an increased risk of bleeding.
Tolmetin: (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding during concomitant platelet inhibitor and chronic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Concomitant use increases the risk of bleeding.
Tramadol: (Moderate) Coadministration of opioid agonists, such as tramadol, delay and reduce the absorption of clopidogrel resulting in reduced exposure to active metabolites and diminished inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consider the use of a parenteral antiplatelet agent in acute coronary syndrome patients requiring an opioid agonist. Coadministration of intravenous morphine decreased the Cmax and AUC of clopidogrel's active metabolites by 34%. Time required for maximal inhibition of platelet aggregation (median 3 hours vs. 1.25 hours) was significantly delayed; times up to 5 hours were reported. Inhibition of platelet plug formation was delayed and residual platelet aggregation was significantly greater 1 to 4 hours after morphine administration.
Tramadol; Acetaminophen: (Moderate) Coadministration of opioid agonists, such as tramadol, delay and reduce the absorption of clopidogrel resulting in reduced exposure to active metabolites and diminished inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consider the use of a parenteral antiplatelet agent in acute coronary syndrome patients requiring an opioid agonist. Coadministration of intravenous morphine decreased the Cmax and AUC of clopidogrel's active metabolites by 34%. Time required for maximal inhibition of platelet aggregation (median 3 hours vs. 1.25 hours) was significantly delayed; times up to 5 hours were reported. Inhibition of platelet plug formation was delayed and residual platelet aggregation was significantly greater 1 to 4 hours after morphine administration.
Trazodone: (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while using trazodone concurrently with an antiplatelet medication. Platelet aggregation may be impaired by trazodone due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication in patients receiving platelet inhibitors, such as clopidogrel.
Tucatinib: (Moderate) Closely monitor for tucatinib-related adverse reactions if coadministration with clopidogrel is necessary due to the risk of increased tucatinib exposure. Tucatinib is a CYP2C8 substrate and clopidogrel is a moderate CYP2C8 inhibitor.
Venlafaxine: (Moderate) Carefully monitor patients for signs and symptoms of bleeding during coadministration of venlafaxine and clopidogrel. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) affect platelet activation; therefore, concomitant use may increase the risk of bleeding.
Verteporfin: (Moderate) Use caution if coadministration of verteporfin with platelet inhibitors is necessary due to the risk of decreased verteporfin efficacy. Verteporfin is a light-activated drug. Once activated, local damage to neovascular endothelium results in a release of procoagulant and vasoactive factors resulting in platelet aggregation, fibrin clot formation, and vasoconstriction. Concomitant use of drugs that decrease platelet aggregation could decrease the efficacy of verteporfin therapy.
Vilazodone: (Moderate) Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking vilazodone concurrently with salicylates or other platelet inhibitors and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner. Platelet aggregation may be impaired by vilazodone due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving platelet inhibitors (e.g., aspirin, cilostazol, clopidogrel, dipyridamole, ticlopidine, platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors).
Vonoprazan: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced clopidogrel efficacy during concomitant use of vonoprazan. Clopidogrel is primarily metabolized to its active metabolite by CYP2C19 and vonoprazan is a CYP2C19 inhibitor.
Vonoprazan; Amoxicillin: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced clopidogrel efficacy during concomitant use of vonoprazan. Clopidogrel is primarily metabolized to its active metabolite by CYP2C19 and vonoprazan is a CYP2C19 inhibitor.
Vonoprazan; Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced clopidogrel efficacy during concomitant use of vonoprazan. Clopidogrel is primarily metabolized to its active metabolite by CYP2C19 and vonoprazan is a CYP2C19 inhibitor.
Vorapaxar: (Moderate) Because vorapaxar inhibits platelet aggregation, a potential additive risk for bleeding exists if vorapaxar is given in combination with other agents that affect hemostasis such as ADP receptor antagonists including clopidogrel, prasugrel, ticagrelor, or ticlopidine.
Voriconazole: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced clopidogrel efficacy during concomitant use of voriconazole. Clopidogrel is primarily metabolized to its active metabolite by CYP2C19; voriconazole is a weak CYP2C19 inhibitor.
Vorinostat: (Moderate) Carefully monitor patients for signs and symptoms of bleeding during coadministration of clopidogrel and vorinostat. Due to the thrombocytopenic effects of vorinostat, an additive risk of bleeding may occur in patients taking platelet inhibitors.
Vortioxetine: (Moderate) Platelet aggregation may be impaired by vortioxetine due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving platelet inhibitors (e.g., cilostazol, clopidogrel, dipyridamole, ticlopidine, platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors). Bleeding events related to drugs that inhibit serotonin reuptake have ranged from ecchymosis to life-threatening hemorrhages. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking vortioxetine concurrently with an antiplatelet medication and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Warfarin: (Moderate) Carefully monitor patients for signs and symptoms of bleeding during coadministration of warfarin and clopidogrel. Both agents independently affect hemostasis.
Clopidogrel is a thienopyridine compound which acts to antagonize adenosine diphosphate (ADP). Clopidogrel is inactive in vitro and requires hepatic activation to exert its antiplatelet effect. The active metabolite selectively and irreversibly inhibits ADP-induced platelet aggregation. It prevents binding of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to its platelet P2Y12 receptor. Thus, ADP-mediated activation of the glycoprotein GPIIb/IIIa complex is impaired. Because the glycoprotein GPIIb/IIIa complex is the major receptor for fibrinogen, impaired activation of the GPIIb/IIIa complex prevents fibrinogen binding to platelets which ultimately inhibits platelet aggregation. Because the active metabolite of clopidogrel irreversibly modifies the platelet ADP receptor, platelets exposed to the drug are affected for the remainder of their lifespan (7 to 10 days). In platelet aggregation studies, clopidogrel 75 mg once daily produced inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation equivalent to that of ticlopidine 250 mg twice daily. The active metabolite of clopidogrel also inhibits platelet aggregation induced by agonists other than ADP by blocking the amplification of platelet activation by released ADP; the active metabolite does not inhibit phosphodiesterase.
Clopidogrel is administered orally; it is inactive in vitro and requires hepatic biotransformation to an active metabolite. Clopidogrel undergoes extensive metabolism by 2 main metabolic pathways. One pathway is mediated by esterases and results in an inactive carboxylic acid derivative, accounting for 85% of circulating metabolites. The other pathway is mediated by multiple cytochrome (CYP) P450 isoenzymes. The cytochromes first oxidize clopidogrel to a 2-oxo-clopidogrel intermediate metabolite. Subsequent metabolism of the intermediate metabolite results in the formation of the active metabolite, a thiol derivative of clopidogrel. The active metabolite is formed primarily by CYP2C19; CYP3A, CYP2B6, and CYP1A2 contribute to a lesser extent. The active metabolite rapidly and irreversibly binds to platelet receptors, inhibiting platelet aggregation for the lifespan of the platelet. Clopidogrel and the main circulating metabolite bind reversibly in vitro to human plasma proteins (98% and 94%, respectively). Approximately 50% of radiolabeled clopidogrel is eliminated in the urine and about 46% via the feces over a period of 5 days. The half-life of clopidogrel is approximately 6 hours in adults; the half-life of the active metabolite is approximately 30 minutes.
Dose dependent inhibition of platelet aggregation can be seen 2 hours after a single oral dose. With repeated doses of 75 mg/day in adults, maximum inhibition of platelet aggregation is achieved within 3 to 7 days. At steady state, platelet aggregation is inhibited by 40% to 60%. Platelet aggregation and bleeding time gradually return to baseline about 5 days after discontinuation of clopidogrel.
Affected cytochrome P450 isoenzymes: CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2C8, CYP3A, CYP2B6, CYP1A2
Clopidogrel is a substrate and inhibitor of CYP2C19 and a strong inhibitor of CYP2C8. Clopidogrel requires hepatic biotransformation to an active metabolite; this activation is mediated primarily by CYP2C19 and to a lesser extent by CYP3A, CYP2B6, and CYP1A2. At high concentrations in vitro, clopidogrel is a potent inhibitor of CYP2B6 and a mild inhibitor of CYP2C9.
-Route-Specific Pharmacokinetics
Oral Route
Clopidogrel is rapidly absorbed with a bioavailability of at least 50%. Food does not significantly affect absorption. In adults, peak concentrations occur 30 to 60 minutes after administration.
-Special Populations
Hepatic Impairment
In adults with severe hepatic impairment, platelet inhibition was similar to that observed in healthy subjects.
Renal Impairment
In adult patients with moderate (CrCl 30 to 60 mL/minute) or severe renal impairment (CrCl 5 to 15 mL/minute), lower platelet inhibition (25%) was noted after repeated doses of 75 mg/day.
Geriatric
Effects on platelet aggregation were similar between elderly (>= 75 years) and younger patients.
Gender Differences
Less inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation was seen in females in a small gender comparison study.
Ethnic Differences
Genetic polymorphism of CYP2C19 (CYP2C19*2) may play a role in the interpatient variability and result in reduced exposure to the active drug metabolite and decreased clinical response to clopidogrel. Common polymorphisms in the CYP2C19 gene are found in approximately 30% of Caucasians, 40% of Blacks, and more than 55% of East Asians. In a study evaluating 162 healthy subjects, investigators found that carriers of at least 1 reduced-function CYP2C19 allele had a 32.4% reduction in plasma concentration of the active clopidogrel metabolite and a reduction in platelet aggregation compared to non-carriers.
Other
CYP2C19 poor metabolizers
CYP2C19 is involved in the formation of the active metabolite. The pharmacokinetics and antiplatelet effects of the active metabolite vary according to CYP2C19 genotype. In addition, genetic variants of other CYP450 enzymes may affect the formation of the clopidogrel active metabolite. The CYP2C19*1 allele corresponds with fully functional metabolism while the CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3 alleles are non-functional. Other alleles associated with absent or reduced metabolism are CYP2C19*4, *5, *6, *7, and *8. These variants occur less frequently than CYP2C19*2 and *3, which account for the majority of reduced function alleles in Caucasian (85%) and Asian (99%) poor metabolizers. Patients with poor metabolizer status have 2 loss-of-function alleles. Approximately 2% of Caucasians, 4% of Blacks, and 14% of the Chinese population are classified as poor metabolizers. In a crossover study, 40 healthy subjects (10 in each of the four CYP2C19 metabolizer groups: ultrarapid, extensive, intermediate, and poor) were administered a 300 mg loading dose followed by a 75 mg maintenance dose and a 600 mg loading dose followed by a 150 mg maintenance dose, each for a total of 5 days. Poor metabolizers had decreased exposure to the active metabolite and a diminished inhibition of platelet aggregation with the 300 mg/75 mg dosage regimen as compared to other groups. When poor metabolizers received the 600 mg/150 mg dosage regimen, active metabolite exposure and inhibition of platelet aggregation were greater than with the 300 mg/75 mg dosage regimen. Although poor metabolizers have been classified as possessing 2 loss-of-function alleles, the results of a study evaluating 162 healthy subjects indicate that carriers of at least 1 reduced-function CYP2C19 allele (CYP2C19*2 was the most frequent variant allele) had a 32.4% reduction in plasma concentration of the active clopidogrel metabolite and a reduction in platelet aggregation compared to non-carriers.